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The Industrial Revolution
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Prior to Industrialization
• 10% people lived in cities• Cottage Industries• Man-powered machines• Life dependant upon agricultural
seasons• Low production = low consumption=
low earnings
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution
•Agricultural Production• Growing Population• Increased Demand
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution
• Mother Necessity
• Stability
– Economic– Political– Social
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Agricultural Revolution 17th Century
• Systematic application of new techniques– Enclosures, late 17th century: organize and keep track
of crops, land, and animals; more efficient– Selective Breeding: best animals = best breeds = best
quality– Four Field System: crop rotation
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Agricultural Revolution 17th Century
• New Farming Technology– Threshing Machine: mechanical
separation of grain from stalk – Seed Drill: uniform seeding
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Results of Agricultural Revolution
• Subsistence to Commercial Farming
• Increased Food Supply = Decrease Price
• More $ for stuff leads to demand for consumer goods
• Less labor needed on farms
• More labor available
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Factors of Production1. Land
– Resources,Markets,Transportation Routes
– Access to iron, coal, water
2. Labor
– Work force to operate
– Skilled and unskilled
3. Capital
– Access to money for investment
– Fixed assets (machines, buildings, stuff to make/more stuff
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Costs of Production
• Cost of bringing a product to market• What are the costs?• Market Price - Cost of Production =
Profit• Entrepreneur’s goal: keep low
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The Factory System
• Textile Industry• Consolidated
production • Power-driven
machinery– Spinning Jenny– Water Frame– Spinning Mule– Flying Shuttle
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The Steam Engine
• Mother Necessity!• Thomas Newcomen,
1692• James Watt, 1763
– Increased efficiency– More applicable and
economical
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Coal-Iron-Steel
• Heart and Soul of Industrialization
• Fuel for power• Material for machines,
bridges, boats, trains,rails, steam engines, pipes…
• Henry Bessemer– Cheap steel!
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Transportation Revolution
• Mother Necessity• High cost of moving materials and finished
products• Increased distance between production and
markets• Land
– Advantages– Disadvantages
• Water– Advantages– Disadvantage
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Roads
• Early 19th Century very poor• Best roads = shortest routes• Animal Drawn wagons• Only “Light” Loads• Many Limitations• John McAdam
– Thin packed layers of crushed rock
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Waterways
• Preferred medium for heavy bulky loads• Widen and deepen streams• Canal Boom • Limitations
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Steam-Powered Water Transport
• 1807, Robert Fulton’s “Clermont.”• Revolutionized water transport• Mid-1800’s Transatlantic transport• Time is Money!
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Steam Powered Train
• 1801, Richard Trevithick first attached a steam engine to a wagon.
• George Stephenson, “Rocket” the first practical steam locomotive
• How Fast? • Rocket Speed “24 MPH”
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The Liverpool and Manchester Railway
• The first widely-used steam train was the Liverpool & Manchester Railway.
• Started a boom in railway building for the next 20 years.
• By 1854, moderately-sized town in England was connected by rail.
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Britain Takes the Lead Great Britain’s advantages:
• Plentiful iron and coal• A navigable river system • Colonies that supplied
raw materials and bought finished goods
• A government that encouraged improvements in transportation and used its navy to protect British trade
• Freedom from destructive wars
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Britain Takes the Lead
• A strong commercial infrastructure that provided merchants with capital to invest in new enterprises
• Stable wealthy class willing to invest
• Entrepreneurs willing to organize and manage businesses (take risks!)
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Obstacles to Industrialization on the Continent
• French Revolution & Napoleonic Wars
• Disunity
• Tradition
• Geography
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Labor Conditions
• dangerous & hazardous working conditions • Long hours/low pay• Pay not equal for equal work• Few Options
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Child Labor: Movements to Regulate • “good for
economy”• “builds character”• Factory Act of
1833:– Number of hours– Who could work– Time for school– Textile Mills only
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The New Industrial Class Structure
The New Working ClassThe New Middle Class
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The New Industrial Class Structure
• Upper Class
• Upper Middle Class
• Lower Middle Class
• Working Class
• Impoverished Class
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Lower and Middle Class Housing
Tenements
Middle Class Housing
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Travel
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New Economic Theories
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Thomas Malthus 1766–1834
• An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798),
• food supply would not meet the needs of the growing population
• Demand for food will keep wages low
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David Ricardo 1772–1823
• The “Iron Law of Wages”
• Low wages keep workers trapped
• No solutions to breaking cycle of poverty
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Adam Smith1723–1790
• Father of Capitalism• The Wealth of Nations• Self-Interest• Laissez-Faire
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Capitalism• An economic model that calls for control of the
economy by individual households and privately owned businesses. – Producers and Consumers– Self-interest– Free Market– Laws of Supply and Demand– Economic Questions
• Role of Government– Ensure Competition– Protect Property– National Security– Provided goods/services not provided in the Free Market
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CapitalismTheory v Reality
• Human Nature– Selfish– Impatient
• Problems?
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Karl Marx 1818–1883
• Influential economic and social thinker Communist Manifesto
• Das Kapital• Haves vs Have Nots
– Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat
• Class struggle• Public ownership of
means of production
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Revolution of the Proletariat
• Inevitable
• Workers react to abuses/exploitation of a mature capitalist state
• Means of ensuring a happy harmonious society
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Proletariat Revolution
1. Seize means of production
2. Collective ownership of property
3. Dictatorship of Proletariat
4. World Wide Workers Revolution
5. Establishment of a classless society– No need for government, military, police
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CommunismTheory vs Reality?
• Human Nature– Selfish– Impatient
• Problems?
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Positive Immediate Effects
• Increase in Factories• Transportation• Mother Necessity• Changes in daily life• Rise of urban class• Prosperous middle class
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Negative Immediate Effects
• Exploitation• Conditions• Women & Children• Pollution• Overcrowded • Uneducated WC
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Long-term Effects
• Labor Unions
• Affordable products
• Industry & commerce• Competition
• Education
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Long-term Effects
• Conditions for WC
• WC in politics
• Women’s movement
• Government involvement
• Middle Class dominate
• Mass media
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Long-term Effects
• Entertainment
• Urban Centers
– Economic
– Political
– Social•Cultural
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The Gilded Age• On the Surface
– All that is good
• Underneath the Surface
– Nasty side-effects