The ICTP RegCM System andThe ICTP RegCM System andAerosol ModelingAerosol Modeling
F. Giorgi, F. Solmon, A. ZakeyF. Giorgi, F. Solmon, A. ZakeyICTP, Trieste, ItalyICTP, Trieste, ItalyContributions fromContributions from
A. Shalaby, A. Konare, A. Shalaby, A. Konare,
Goldschmidt 2009 Conference, Davos, Switzerland, 22-26 June 2009 Goldschmidt 2009 Conference, Davos, Switzerland, 22-26 June 2009
Flexible, user-friendlymodeling system
Adaptable to any regionof the World
Used by a wide scientific community
Used for a wide rangeof applications
Coupled atmosphere –ocean version
Capability of interactivevegetation (CLM, IBIS)
Capability of interactiveaerosol/chemistry
The ICTP Regional Climate ModelThe ICTP Regional Climate Model
RegCM4RegCM4
Sample of RegCM domains usedSample of RegCM domains used
ΔX=10-120 KM
Tracer model / RegCM3
lpdepcumwlswCUMVH QQDRRSTFFVt ,,
Transport Removal terms
Primary Emissions
Physico – chemical transformations
Strongly dependent on the nature of the tracer
General approach
Particles and chemical species considered (12 tracers).
0.01-1
μm
1-2.5
μm
2.5-5
μm
5-20
μm
Hydrophobic(50%at
emission)
Hydrophilic(50%at
emission)
Hydrophobic(80%at
emission)
Hydrophilic(20% at
emission)
Aqueous and gazeousconversion
(Qian et al., 2001)
DUST (4 bins)OC (total organic carbon)BC (soot)SO4--SO2
0.01-1
μm
1-2.5
μm
2.5-5
μm
5-20
μm
Hydrophobic(50%at
emission)
Hydrophilic(50%at
emission)
Hydrophobic(80%at
emission)
Hydrophilic(20% at
emission)
Aqueous and gazeousconversion
(Qian et al., 2001)
DUST (4 bins)OC (total organic carbon)BC (soot)SO4--SO2
Sea-Salt
(2 bins)
0.05-1
µm
1.0-10
µm
““Simple” Aerosols in RegCM4Simple” Aerosols in RegCM4
Qian and Giorgi 1999; Qian et al. 2001; Solmon et al. 2006; Zakey et al. 2006; 2008 Qian and Giorgi 1999; Qian et al. 2001; Solmon et al. 2006; Zakey et al. 2006; 2008
Climate-aerosol model couplingClimate-aerosol model coupling
RegionalRegionalClimate ModelClimate Model
RadiativeRadiativeTransfer PackageTransfer Package
SW and LWSW and LW
Aerosol ModelAerosol ModelSource, Transport,Source, Transport,
RemovalRemoval
Radia
tive F
luxes
Heati
ng R
ate
Aerosol RadiativeForcing
Clo
uds,
Tem
pera
ture
,W
ate
r V
apor
Winds, PBL Processes
Clouds, Precipitation
Aeros
ol
Conce
ntra
tion
Simple indirectSimple indirecteffect schemeeffect scheme
Rc = f(Rc = f(χχ))
Aerosol
Concentration
CloudReflectivity
Semi-directSemi-directeffectseffects
• During the last decades East Asia has been one of the During the last decades East Asia has been one of the most rapidly developing regions of the worldmost rapidly developing regions of the world
• As a result, anthropogenic aerosol emissions over the As a result, anthropogenic aerosol emissions over the region have considerably increased, thereby (possibly) region have considerably increased, thereby (possibly) affecting the climate of the region affecting the climate of the region
• A series of studies investigated the possible regional A series of studies investigated the possible regional climatic effects of anthropogenic aerosols over East Asiaclimatic effects of anthropogenic aerosols over East Asia– Qian and Giorgi (1999,2000), Qian et al. (2001, 2003), Chameides et al. Qian and Giorgi (1999,2000), Qian et al. (2001, 2003), Chameides et al.
(1999,2002),Streets and Waldhoff (2000),Kaiser and Qian (2002),Giorgi (1999,2002),Streets and Waldhoff (2000),Kaiser and Qian (2002),Giorgi et al. (2002,2003)et al. (2002,2003)
Example IExample IEast AsiaEast Asia
Aerosol extinction coefficient Aerosol extinction coefficient averaged for 1981-1998averaged for 1981-1998Kaiser and Qian (2002)Kaiser and Qian (2002)
Change of observed mean Change of observed mean temperature (temperature (ooC) in ChinaC) in China
Qian and Giorgi (2000)Qian and Giorgi (2000)
SO2SO2 Burden, DJF, CONT Burden, DJF, CONT SO4SO4 Burden, DJF, CONT Burden, DJF, CONT
SO4 SO4 Burden, JJA, CONTBurden, JJA, CONTSO2SO2 Burden, JJA, CONT Burden, JJA, CONT
TemperatureTemperature, DJF, IND1-CONT, DJF, IND1-CONT
TemperatureTemperature, JJA, IND1-CONT, JJA, IND1-CONT
TemperatureTemperature, MAM, IND1-CONT, MAM, IND1-CONT
TemperatureTemperature, SON, IND1-CONT, SON, IND1-CONT
Example II: Effect of dust on Example II: Effect of dust on the African monsoonthe African monsoon
Solmon et al. 2006Solmon et al. 2006Zakey et al. 2006Zakey et al. 2006Konare et al 2008Konare et al 2008Solmon et al. 2008Solmon et al. 2008
SeaWIFS (NGSFC)TOMS (aerosol index)
RegCM
(0.1-10 µm dust burden)
Zakey et al, 2006
Case study: Dust storm of 20-28 February 2000Case study: Dust storm of 20-28 February 2000
RegCM AOD
MISR AOD
JJA
(2000-2006)
RegCM
Lidar
M’Bour
Validation in “climate” modeValidation in “climate” mode
Konaré et al., 2008; Solmon et al., 2008
PrecipitationDust - nodust
Precipitation, CRU(1961-1990) – (1901-1980)
The dust forcing can strengthen the The dust forcing can strengthen the occurrence of drought in the Sahel occurrence of drought in the Sahel
Land surface sub-grid scale model in RegCM4 (Giorgi et al. 2003)
• Define a regular fine scale sub-grid for each coarse scale model grid-box.– Landuse, topography, and soil are
characterized on the fine grid.• Disaggregate climatic fields from the
coarse grid to the fine grid (e.g. temperature, precipitation).– Disaggregation technique based on the
elevation differences between the coarse grid and the fine grid.
• Perform BATS surface physics computations on the fine grid.
• Reaggregate the surface fields from the fine grid to the coarse grid.
60-km
Mean Landuse and Elevation
PQT ,,
PQT ,,
Numerical Experiments
10-km10-km
15-km15-km
60-km60-km
• Simulation period:
1 Oct 1994 to 1 Sept 1995• Land Surface computations
performed on subgrid.– CTL
• 60-km; no subgrid cells
– EXP15• 15-km; 16 subgrid cells
– EXP10• 10-km; 36 subgrid cells
Results: Temperature
WINTER (DJF)
OBS (CRU) CTL
SUMMER (JJA)
OBS (CRU) CTL
EXP15 EXP10
EXP15 EXP10
Results: Snow
WINTER (DJF)
CTL
SPRING (MAM)
CTL
EXP15 EXP10
EXP15 EXP10
Station OBS
Station OBS
Domain envisioned for PAPRIKA Domain envisioned for PAPRIKA
CORDEX DomainDx = 50 km
PAPRIKA Nested DomainDx = 15-20 km
Sub-Grid Scheme, Dx=2-3 km
Key questions from the regional modeling side
• What model development is needed? – Coupling with a “snow/glacier” module– Use simple parameterizations of snow albedo as a
function of BC and Dust– Disaggregation of precipitation and temperature
• What data can be used for model validation?– Atmospheric data– Other data?
• What simulations will be performed?– RCM domain/resolution?– GCM(s)?– Scenarios?– Time slices?
THANK YOUTHANK YOU
m.s-1
mm/day15
Mean circulation at 865 hpa
( NODUST, JJA 1996-2006)Differential circulation at 865 hpa m.s-1
mm/day
( DUST -NODUST, JJA 1996-2006)
Konaré et al., 2008; Solmon et al., 2008
Dynamical and precipitationDynamical and precipitation response to dust forcingresponse to dust forcing
2 : ‘Elevated heat pump’ effect ( Lau et al., 2009)
1: Weakening of the ‘monsoon pump’
Solmon et al., 2008
Dust heating rate
Cloud water, meridional circulation and precipitation differenceCloud water, meridional circulation and precipitation differenceDust – Nodust, 15W-15E AverageDust – Nodust, 15W-15E Average
ICTP Regional Climate Model
RegCM4• Dynamics:
MM5 Hydrostatic (Giorgi et al. 1993a,b)
• Radiation:CCM3 (Kiehl 1996)
• Large-Scale Clouds & Precipitaion:SUBEX (Pal et al 2000)
• Cumulus convection:Grell (1993)Anthes-Kuo (1977)MIT (Emanuel 1991)
• Boundary Layer:Non-local, Holtslag (1990)
• Aerosols:SO4, OC, BC (Solmon et al 2005)Dust (Zakey et al 2006)Sea salt (Zakey et al. 2009)
• Gas phase chemistry:Shalaby et al. 2010
• Land Surface:BATS (Dickinson et al 1993)SUB-BATS (Giorgi et al 2003)CLM (Steiner et al 2009)
• Tropical Band• Coupled Lake (Host. Et al. 1994)
• Coupled OceanMIT (Artale et al. 2010)ROMS (Ratnam et al. 2009)
The RegCM regional climate model systemParticipation to intercomparison projects
• PIRCS (US, ISU)• NARCCAP (US, UCSC)• PRUDENCE (Europe, ICTP)• ENSEMBLES (Europe, ICTP)• CECILIA (Central Europe, Central-Eastern
European partners)• AMMA (West Africa, ICTP, African partners)• CLARIS (South America, U. Sao Paulo)• RMIP (East Asia, CMA)• CORDEX (Multiple domains, RegCNET)
Countries where RegCM is used
1010
2020
3030
4040
5050
9090 94949292 9696 9898 0000 0202 0404 0606 0808 1010
Number of papers using RegCM(from the ISI)