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THE HISTORY OF LIFESC STANDARD B-5 Students will demonstrate an
understanding of the basis of evolution
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CN: page 54 notebookTopic: The History of LifeEQ: What are the 4 important
patterns of macroevolution?
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FOSSILS
Paleontologist: scientists who study fossils
Fossil Record: information about past life, including the structure of organisms, what they ate, in what environment they lived, & order in which they lived
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This species lived 7700 years ago
The fossil record provides evidence about the history of life on Earth.
It also shows how different groups of organisms, have changed over time.
Extinct: term used to describe a species that has died out
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Lists of Extinct Animals
http://extinctanimal.com/extinct/extinct_mammals.htm
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How Fossils Form
Formation of any fossil depends on a precise combination of conditions
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Evolution of Whales
Why is the fossil record described as an incomplete record of life’s history?
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Interpreting Fossil Evidence
Erosive forces cut through sedimentary rock wearing away the youngest layers first, exposing any fossils embedded in them.
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Paleontologists reconstruct extinct species from few fossil bits to entire bodies. They look for similarities & differences with living organisms
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Relative Dating
In relative dating, the age of a fossil is determined by comparing its placement in the layers of sedimentary rock
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Relative Dating
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Index fossils: distinctive fossil used to compare relative ages of fossils
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Radioactive Dating
half-life: is the length of time required for 50% of the sample of radioisotopes to decay
radioactive dating: calculating the age of a fossil based on the remaining radioactive isotopes◦assumption is: the amount of C-14, for example, has remained constant
◦C-14 can only be used for fossils <60,000 yrs because of its short half-life (not enough specimen left to measure)
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Radioactive Decay of K-40
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Geologic Time Scale
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Formation of Earth
Geologic evidence suggests that Earth formed over millions of years
Process began ~4.6 billion years ago
This process involved multiple collisions and temperatures so high anything solid melted
While melted substances arranged themselves by densities
Less dense substances floated to surface and gradually cooled forming Earth’s crust
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Earth’s Early Atmosphere
Hydrogen & Nitrogen formed early atmosphere◦hydrogen cyanide◦carbon dioxide◦carbon monoxide◦sulfide◦water
~ 4 billion years ago Earth had cooled enough to allow 1st solid rocks to form
still being bombarded by comets, asteroids, etc.
too hot for water to exist in liquid form
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~ 3.8 billion years ago Earth’s surface cooled down enough for water to stay in liquid phase
Oceans covered most of planet◦Oceans brown due to
dissolved iron◦Oldest sedimentary
rock deposited in water
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The 1st Organic Molecules
Miller & Urey tried to reproduce conditions on early Earth in a lab:
CH4 , H2 , NH3 , H2O in a flask to represent early atmosphere
passed electric shocks through it to simulate lightening
Over a few days several amino acids began to accumulate
Results suggests how mixtures of organic cpds necessary for life could have arisen from simpler cpds present on primitive Earth
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Endosymbiotic Theory
Proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from living communities formed by prokaryotic organisms◦Mitochondria◦Chloroplasts