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The History and Methods of Cognitive
Psychology
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What is Cognitive Psychology?
The branch of psychology that studies how we perceive, attend, recognize, remember…
what happens in our minds
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Cognitive activities
Perception Attention Memory Language Reasoning/decision making
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Some elements of cognitions…
Often complex Occur rapidly Occur automatically (unconsciously) May occur with other cognitions
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What is the “mind” ?
How can we study the inner workings of the mind when we can’t “see” the mind?
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Variables that could change a cognition
Age How well rested the subject is Cultural background …
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Experimental Design
Hypothesis
IndependentVariable
DependentVariable
Testor Experiment
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Methods of Experimentation
Introspection Naturalistic observation Controlled observation Clinical interviews Experiments (and quasi-experiments) Brain imaging
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Methods
Introspection
Insight Ecological validity
Experimenter control Observer biasCan you really do something while doing it?
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Types of Experiments
Naturalistic observation
Ecological validity
Little experimenter control Observer bias
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Methods
Experiments
Experimenter control Isolate causal factors
May not be ecologically valid
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Methods
Controlled observation / Clinical interviews
Ecological validity
Only some experimenter control
Observer bias
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Methods
Brain Imaging
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Methods Brain Imaging
CAT/MRI – shows anatomy Magnetic fields, not usable on some subjects Small, noisy location for subject Does not show function
PET - shows function Brain activity averaged over time
fMRI – shows anatomy and function Similar to MRI
EEG/ERP – overall general electrical activity of brain
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The history of studying cognitions
Greeks 17-19 c.
Empiricism
Schools of psychology
Nativism
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Schools of psychology
Structuralism Functionalism Behaviorism Gestalt psychology Genetic epistemology Individual differences Cognitive psychology (cognitive revolution)
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Schools of psychology
StructuralismAttempted to find simplest units of the mind
(like a period table of elements)More complex behaviors explained by
combining different elements (research never really got this far)
Method: Introspection
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Schools of psychology
FunctionalismAsked the question “Why?”
Why does the mind work the way it does? Why does this behavior help a person adapt to
their environment?
Method: Observations in “real life”
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Schools of psychology
BehaviorismGoal: to predict and control behavior
Method: Observation of only visible, measurable behaviors
(mental states cannot
be studied)
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Schools of psychology
Gestalt psychologyThe mind is not divisible The mind is a whole entity, and imposes its
own structure on how to interpret stimuli It is the relationship between elements that
matters
Method: Experimentation with perception, problem solving
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Figure 1-1 (p. 11)Examples of Gestalt figures.
Gestalt psychology
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Schools of psychology Genetic epistemology – the “mind”
changes over time The mind goes through different stages, which
can be separated from each other by the different cognitive abilities present at each stage (Piaget)
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Schools of psychology
Individual differencesTried to determine if a mental characteristic
(eg., intelligence) was inherited or acquired later from the environment
Type of statistics typical used in cognitive psychology developed
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Schools of psychology
Cognitive psychologyProposed that mental states could be studied
(reaction to behaviorists) Some results…
Human factors engineeringLimited-capacity processors
The magical number seven, plus or minus two
Linguistics
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More results…Localization of function / plasticity of nervous
systemComputer metaphor / artificial intelligenceCognitive neuroscience
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Paradigms of Cognitive Psychology
Information Processing Connectionism Evolution Ecology
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Figure 1-4 (p. 29)A typical information-processing model.
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Figure 1-5 (p. 31)A typical connectionist model.
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Paradigms of Cognitive Psychology
Evolution Our minds are biological systems which evolve and
adapt to our environment, and is subject to the laws of natural selection
For each type of problem, we therefore have special-purpose programs to solve them
Ecology Cognition occurs in the context of culture, not in a
vacuum
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Outline
Syllabus What is cognitive psychology? Elements of cognition What are experiments? History of cognitive psychology Current methods of study Paradigms of cognitive psychology