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The Haitian Revolution
1791-1803
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1697 - Treaty formally ceded the western third of Hispaniola from Spain to France, which renamed it Saint-Domingue
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Pearl of the Antilles
The colony of Saint-Domingue was the richest colony in the West Indies and probably the richest colony in the history of the world.
Driven by slave labor and enabled by fertile soil and ideal climate, Saint-Domingue produced sugar, coffee, cocoa, indigo, tobacco, cotton, sisal as well as some fruits and vegetables for the motherland, France.
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How did the social structure of Haitian Society contribute to the Haitian Revolution?
The whites The free people of color The black slaves The maroons
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Whites = 20,000 – Mostly French
Planters Wealthy plantation
owners Discontented with
France No representation United in favor of
slavery
Petit Blancs Artisans, shop keepers,
merchants, teachers Less independence-
minded and more loyal to France
Also approved of slavery
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The Free People of Color30,000
½ Mulattoes Children of white
Frenchmen and black slave women
Tense relationship w/slaves
½ freed slaves
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The Free People of Color Very wealthy Owned plantations and
slaves Denied their African
roots Dressed exceptionally
well
Catholic rather than Voodoo
Well educated French rather than
Creole
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The Black Slaves = 500,000
Slaves outnumbered free people by 10-1
100,000 – Domestics More Loyal to Masters
400,000 - Field Hand Treated very cruelly
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The Maroons Large group of run-away slaves who
retreated deep into the mountains of Saint-Domingue.
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Other influences which contributed to the Revolution 1791 – Slaves revolt
Why would they revolt after more than 200 years of slavery?
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What is VodoVoodoo
• Combined elements of Roman Catholicism
and tribal religions of western Africa,
particularly Benin.
• Worshiped a high god, Bon Dieu; ancestors or, more generally, the dead.
• Practiced in Haiti, Cuba, Trinidad, Brazil, and the southern United States, especially Louisiana
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Importance of Voodoo to the Revolution Was forbidden by French Represented independent behavior Allowed for self-expression Sense of human dignity Helped unite various factions of slaves
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Voodoo
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Slave Conditions
The conditions on the island were the worst in the world.
• The death rate of slaves was around 50%.• Most died of overwork in the sugar, coffee
and indigo plantations.• Torture of slaves who resisted was common.• Most slaves had memories of freedom in
Africa.
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The Black Slaves = 500,000
Slaves outnumbered free people by 10-1
100,000 – Domestics More Loyal to Masters
400,000 - Field Hand Treated very cruelly
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Meanwhile back in France…….. The mother country
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Toussaint L’Ouverture
Led slave revolts Considered brilliant Self – educated Former slave Fought against
French, British and Spanish troops
Arduous battle Many lives lost
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Haitian Independence!
1802 – Napoleon sent a large army to reconquer Haiti
Something other than Toussaint’s forces attacked the French armies… Yellow Fever destroyed much of Napoleon’s troops
1802 – French agreed to a truce
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1804 - Toussaint captured and dies in prison
1804 – Haitians declare independence
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On Jan. 12, 2010, a devastating earthquake struck Haiti, reducing much of its capital to rubble. It was the worst earthquake in the region in more than 200 years.-Total cost of the disaster was between $7.2 billion to $13.2 billion, -Death Toll = 250,000 - 300,000.
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https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html
CIA FACTBOOK