![Page 1: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier
Gary S. Varner University of Hawai’i
KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012
![Page 2: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The big Questions
2
1. Are there undiscovered principles of nature? 2. How can we solve the mystery of dark energy? 3. Are there extra dimensions of space? 4. Do all the forces become one? 5. Why are there so many kinds of particles? 6. What is dark matter? Can we make it in the lab? 7. What are neutrinos telling us? 8. How did the universe come to be? 9. What happened to the antimatter?
![Page 3: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The (Particle Physics) Discovery Frontier
New physics
Quark sector
ν expts accel, reactor, gµ-2, µeγ, etc.
Super B Factory, LHCb, BESIII, Rare K expts, …
LHC, ILC
ν mass and mixing, CPV, and LFV
Higgs boson mass and couplings. New particle searches
Flavor mixing, CPV phases
τ LFV, τ CPV
UHE neutrinos
3
![Page 4: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Overview • Further advances at the Discovery Frontier
– Depends upon developing new instruments and techniques
– Exploit commodity resources
• The “easy” experiments are being completed – Can’t necessarily scale up ($$$, T>N*tgradstudent) – Innovation fuels new opportunities
• What I hope to convey: 1. What the “Giga” Era means 2. Key elements 3. An example where this has been fundamentally enabling 4. The Belle II (Time Of Propagation) Particle Detector
4
![Page 5: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
History • Traditional “crate based” electronics
– Gated Analog-to-Digital Converters
– Referenced “triggered” Time-to-Digital Converters
• High-rate applications – “pipelined operation” – Low-speed, low-resolution sampling
• High channel counts – Motivation to reduce cabling – Integrate electronics onto detector elements
Det chan
Q-ADC
Disc. TDC
Trigger
Issues: cost, power, resolution, data volume
Det chan FADC
Detector Instrumentation Evolution
5
![Page 6: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
A “Giga” Overview (Modern Readout)
6
1. Gigasample/s “digital oscilloscope
on a chip”
Physical
Measurement
2. 100’s of Gigaflops per Field-Programmable
Gate Array
3. Inexpensive Giga-bit/s fiber link interconnect;
Giga-bit ethernet
4. Commodity Servers running at Giga-Hz rates,
1000’s of Gigaflops
Technology advances high rate, high-precision experiments
![Page 7: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Focus on the first of these
7
1. Gigasample/s “digital oscilloscope
on a chip”
Physical
Measurement
2. 100’s of Gigaflops per Field-Programmable
Gate Array
3. Inexpensive Giga-bit/s fiber link interconnect;
Giga-bit ethernet
4. Commodity Servers running at Giga-Hz rates,
1000’s of Gigaflops
• Defines limit of the physical measurement • What Instrumentation Physicists contribute
![Page 8: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Underlying Technology • Track and Hold (T/H)
• Pipelined storage = array of T/H elements, with output buffering
2 v V1=V Q=Cs.V1
N capacitors Write Bus
Return Bus
1
N caps
Vout=A / (1+A) * Q/Cs =V1 * A/(1+A)
3
Bottom Read BUS
4
Top Read Bus
Cs
C Analog Input
Sampled Data
T/H
8
![Page 9: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Switched Capacitor Array Sampling
Input
Channel 1
Channel 2 Few 100ps delay
• Write pointer is ~few switches closed @ once
20fF
Tiny charge: 1mV ~ 100e-
9
![Page 10: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Basic Functional components
Sample timing Control
Single storage Channel
Few mm x Few mm in size
On or off-chip ADC
Readout Control 10
![Page 11: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Giga Package
WFS ASIC Commercial
Sampling speed 0.1-6 GSa/s 2 GSa/s
Bits/ENOBs 16/9-13+ 8/7.4
Power/Chan. <= 0.05W Few W
Cost/Ch. < $10 (vol) > 100$
• 2 GSa/s, 1GHz ABW Tektronics Scope • 2.56 GSa/s LAB
“oscilloscope on a chip”
11
![Page 12: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Very broad Impact
Fundamental enabling technology (all current Hawaii activities)
Neutrinos
AMBER
LAPPD
12
![Page 13: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
To be explicit, a demanding Application
• RF Transient (impulsive) Events (200-1200 MHz)
• 324 chan. @ 2.6GSa/s • Completely solar powered
(tight demands on power, few hundred W total)
• Need full waveforms
~320ps Measured
~7m
Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA-I)
13
![Page 14: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
ANITA concept
Ice RF clarity: ~1.2km(!) attenuation length
Effective “telescope” aperture: • ~250 km3 sr @ 1018 eV • ~104 @ km3 sr 1019 eV (compare to ~1 km3 at lower E)
~4km deep ice!
Typical balloon field of regard
14
![Page 15: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Large Analog Bandwidth Recorder and Digitizer with Ordered Readout [LABRADOR]
8+1 chan. * 256+4 samples
Straight Shot
RF inputs
Random access:
• Common STOP acquisition
• 3.2 x 2.9 mm • Conversion in
120µs (all 2340 samples)
• Data transfer takes 80µs
• Ready for next event in 200µs
• Switched Capacitor Array (SCA)
• Massively parallel Wilkinson ADC array
15
![Page 16: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
LABRADOR performance
• Excellent linearity, noise • Sampling rates up to 4 GSa/s with voltage overdrive
2.6GSa/s
12-bit ADC
• 10 real bits (1.3V/1.3mV noise)
1.3mV
16
![Page 17: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
SURFv3 Board
Trigger Inputs
Programming/ Monitor Header
RF Inputs
LAB3
J4 to TURF J1 to CPU
(SURF = Sampling Unit for RF) (TURF = Trigger Unit for RF)
17 PCI bus: 64bits, 66MHz ~ 0.5 GigaByte/s (upgrading for 3rd flight)
![Page 18: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
A “high rate” Experiment
Raw Signals
80 RF channels @ 1.5By * 2.6GSa/s
= 312 Gbytes/s
Level-1
Antenna
3-of-8
100-200kHz @ 36kBy/evt
= 3.6-7.2Gby/s
Level-2
Cluster
2-of-5
Few kHz @ 36kBy/evt = 36-72Mby/s
Level-3 Phi
2-of-2
5-10Hz @ 36kBy/evt
= 180-360kBy/s To disk
Prioritizer (+compress)
Few
eve
nts/
min
TD
RSS
Permits thermal noise level operation 18
![Page 19: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
80ps
150ps
Jiwoo Nam UC Irvine
19
![Page 20: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Pulse Phase interferometry A. Romero-Wolf (Hawaii)
~30ps (16ps) resolution between channels 20
![Page 21: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
![Page 22: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
After full calibration – 100’s km downrange
<30ps timing
22
![Page 23: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The “no free lunch” Theorem • Excellent results obtained 1. Made the ANITA project possible & highly successful 2. Similar architectures being studied for new and upgraded
experiments 3. Minimize costs for large systems
• Not a magic solution – Significant constraints – Technology in its infancy – will continue to improve
• Limits and future directions
The technology, in a bit more detail
23
![Page 24: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Constraint 0: An Intrinsic Limitation
Won’t displace Flash ADCs
No power (performance savings) for continuous digitization
“down conversion” For most “triggered” ‘event’ applications,
not a serious drawback 24
![Page 25: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Constraint 1: Analog Bandwidth
Difficult to couple in Large BW (C is deadly)
f3dB = 1/2πZC
25
![Page 26: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Bandwidth Limitations (LAB1 example)
• For 1.2GHz, C <~ 2pF (NB input protection diode ~10pF) • Minimize C, (Cdrain not negligible x260)
f3dB = 1/2πZC Would like smallest possible Cstore
26
![Page 27: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
An Example Bandwidth Evaluation
Transient Impulse
FFT Difference
Frequency [GHz]
f3dB ~> 1.2GHz
9 channels of 256 samples
LAB3
To do better, reduce
input and storage C
27
![Page 28: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Constraint 2: kTC Noise Want small storage C, but…
28
![Page 29: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Similar Constraint 2b: Leakage Current
Increase C or reduce conversion time << 1mV
Sample channel-channel variation ~ fA leakage typically
29
![Page 30: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Wilkinson ADC • Excellent linearity • Basically as good as can make current source/comparator • Comparator ~0.4 – 2.1V; 133MHz GCC max (~31us)
12-bit ADC
• No missing codes • Linearity as good as
can make ramp • Can bracket range of
interest
Run count during ramp
Constraint 3: Digitization
30
![Page 31: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Constraint 4: Sample Aperture Variance
•
∆t1 ∆t2 ∆t3 ∆t4 ∆t5
• Inverter chain has transistor variations → ∆ti between samples differ → “Fixed pattern aperture jitter”
• “Differential temporal nonlinearity” TDi= ∆ti – ∆tnominal
• “Integral temporal nonlinearity” TIi = Σ∆ti – i⋅∆tnominal
• “Random aperture jitter” = variation of ∆ti between measurements
TD1 TI5
31
![Page 32: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Non-uniform sampling timebase
SURF data SURF data
Long-suffering ANITA collaborator
32
![Page 33: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
dT Spread
33
2.6 GSa/s [LABRADOR3]
10-15% of dT typical
![Page 34: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Average aperture calibration
• Fixed aperature offsets are constant over time, can be measured and corrected
• Several methods are commonly used (sine fit [left], zero-crossing)
• Most use sine wave with random phase and correct for TDi on a statistical basis
34
![Page 35: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Sine Curve Fit Method
S. Lehner, B. Keil, PSI
i
j
∑∑= =
→+++−=500
0
1024
0
22 min)))2sin(((j i
jijj
jji of
iay βαπχ
yji : i-th sample of measurement j aj fj αj oj : sine wave parameters βi : phase error → fixed jitter
“Iterative global fit”:
• Determine rough sine wave parameters for each measurement by fit
• Determine βi using all measurements where sample “i” is near zero crossing
• Make several iterations
35
![Page 36: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Option 1: Even Faster Sampling de
lays
(20
0ps/
8 =
25p
s)
6 GSPS * 8 = 48 GSPS
Possible with delay is implemented on PCB
36
![Page 37: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Constraint 5: Cross-talk
Coupling between wire-bonds, Vref
37
![Page 38: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Advantage 1: Compact, low-power
6.4 ps RMS
(4.5ps single)
• Comparable performance to best CFD + HPTDC • Time difference measurement of recorded pulses • Using full samples significantly reduces the impact of
noise
CH2
CH1
38
![Page 39: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Advantage 2: Scaling to Large Systems
• ASIC costing well understood, very competitive!
Storage Depth Capacity
0.1
1
10
100
0 2 4 6 8 10
Array Linear Dimension [mm]
Sto
rag
e D
epth
in [
us]
at
10G
Sa/
s S
amp
ling
4 Chan
8 Chan
16 Chan
32 Chan
Economy of Scale for Quoted ASICs
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Total Number of System Channels
Cost
per
Cha
nnel
[200
7 $]
BLAB ASIC cost estimate
Based on actual fabrications or quotations from
foundaries
NIM A591 (2008) 534-345.
39
![Page 40: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
B-factory Detectors – a huge success!
40
• Measurements of CKM matrix elements and angles of the unitarity triangle
• Observation of direct CP violation in B decays
• Measurements of rare decays (e.g., Bτν, Dτν)
• bs transitions: probe for new sources of CPV and constraints from the bsγ branching fraction
• Forward-backward asymmetry (AFB) in bsll has become a powerfull tool to search for physics beyond SM.
• Observation of D mixing
• Searches for rare τ decays
• Observation of new hadrons
B0 tag _ B0 tag
![Page 41: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Are we done yet ?
BAU: CKM mechanism still
short by 10 orders of magnitude.
41
![Page 42: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
B factories is SM with CKM right? Super B factories How is the SM wrong? Need much more data (two orders!) because the SM worked so well
until now Super B factory
However: it will be a different world in four years, there will be serious competition from LHCb and BESIII PANDA
Still, e+e- machines running at (or near) Y(4s) will have considerable
advantages in several classes of measurements, and will be complementary in many more
“Super” B Factory strategy
Update of the physics reach with 50 ab-1 (75 ab-1): Physics at Super B Factory (Belle II authors + guests) hep-ex > arXiv:1002.5012
SuperB Progress Reports: Physics (SuperB authors + guests) hep-ex > arXiv:1008.1541 42
![Page 43: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
SuperKEKB luminosity profile
SuperKEKB luminosity profile In
tegr
ated
lum
inos
ity
(ab-1
) Pe
ak lu
min
osity
(c
m-2
s-1)
Year
Goals of Belle II/SuperKEKB
We will reach 50 ab-1 in 2021
9 months/year 20 days/month
Commissioning starts in late 2014.
Shutdown for upgrade Y. Ohnishi
43
![Page 44: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Requirements for the Belle II detector
- low p µ identification σµµ recon. eff. - hermeticity ν “reconstruction”
- radiation damage and occupancy - fake hits and pile-up noise in the EM
Calorimeter
- higher rate trigger, DAQ and computing
Critical issues at L= 8 x 1035/cm2/sec
Higher background ( ×10-20)
Higher event rate ( ×10)
Special features required
Result: significant upgrade
44
![Page 45: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
2.6m
1.2m
e-
8.0GeV e+
3.5GeV
Barrel PID Aerogel RICH
- PID (π/Κ) detectors - Inside current calorimeter
- Use less material and allow more tracking volume Available geometry defines form factor
-
Upgraded Belle detector
45
![Page 46: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Original TOP counter concept
• Measure Position+Time – Compact detector!
Linear array PMT (~5mm) Time resolution σ~40ps
~2m
K π
Simulation 2GeV/c, θ=90 deg.
~200ps
Different opening angle for the same momentum Different propagation length(= propagation time)
+ TOF from IP works additively.
46
![Page 47: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Slightly Enhanged “image plane” • Must fit in a very crowded envelope
H ~ 7.1 cm D ~13cm (PMT incl.)
512 channel readout
47
![Page 48: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Performance Requirements (TOP) • Single photon timing for MCP-PMTs
σ ~ 38.4ps
σ <~ 10ps (ideal waveform
sampling)
NIM A602 (2009) 438
σ <~ 50ps target
To include T0, clock distrib, timebase ctrl
NOTE: this is single-photon timing, not
event start-time “T0”
σT0 = 25ps
48
![Page 49: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Readout Option Chosen • Why Waveform Sampling?
• Why Not use existing ASIC? • No suitable existing ASICs (reason why current ASICs developed)
• BLAB/IRS are only GSa/s SCA ASICs with 5µs depth (L1 trig) • Triggerless operation? higher power, 330x data rate
• Lower power, high density, cost effective • Handle charge-sharing/cross-talk
Single PMT (beam test data – 90ns windows)
Leverage experience from radio-neutrino work (<=30 ps on large, solar-powered
payload)
49
![Page 50: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Readout ASIC Specifications 32768 samples/chan (>5.2µs trig latency)
8 channels/BLAB3 ASIC8 Trigger channels
~9 bits resolution (12[10]-bits logging)64 samples convert window (~16ns)4 GSa/s 1 word (RAM) chan, sample readout
1+n*0.02 µs to read n samples (of same 64)30 kHz sustained readout (multibuffer)
• Time alignment critical – Synchronize sampling to accelerator RF clock (Belle TOF)
– >5µs buffer depth a must for trigger, since single photon rates high
50
![Page 51: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
ASIC Single Channel
• Storage: 64 x 512 (512 = 8 * 64)
• Sampling: 128 (2x 64) separate transfer lanes
Recording in one set 64, transferring other (“ping-pong”)
• Wilkinson (64x1): was (32x2) • 64 conv/channel
• Concurrent Writing/Reading
51
• Only 128 timing constants
![Page 52: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
TOP Readout Architecture
8k channels 1k 8-ch. ASICs
64 SRM “board stacks”
64 DAQ fiber transceivers
32 FINESSE 8 COPPER
FTSW clock, trigger,
programming
Waveform sampling ASIC
Clock jitter cleaners
64 SRM
16 COPPER
32 FINESSE
9 TRGmod
16 FTSW
SRM Control “SCROD” 52
![Page 53: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
• At Super-KEKB the timing of signals should be fixed relative to trigger (system clock) – But it is random with respect to 21 MHz derived (Super-KEKB RF
clock). – thit from waveform must be combined with tFTSW from CAMAC TDC to
align events. – tglobal = thit + tftsw
thit (ns, uncal.)
21 MHz period (~50ns)
Event Timing
53
![Page 54: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
System Synchronization
FTSW (Timing & Trigger Distribution
board) 127 MHz clock Serial data (trigger &
synchronization)
• 127 MHz clock is divided by 6 on front-end module to ~21 MHz
This corresponds to sampling rate of ~2.7 GSa/s FPGA uses serial data stream to determine clock phase
127 MHz
21 MHz
Crucial to obtain required performance
54
![Page 55: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Clock Distribution Performance
• Test results performed as part of the cosmic ray test stand integration at Nagoya Univ in August 2011:
Clocks are phase-aligned. Measured jitter: 20 ps
RMS.
Measured phase and jitter of 21.2 MHz clock from two
modules (on oscilloscope) 55
![Page 56: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
w=450mm
t=20mm
l=1200+1310+30mm
=2540mm
54mm
440mm
54mm
R=5000mm
(Integrated Front-end)
2011-2012 Fermilab Beam Test
56
![Page 57: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Hit distribution for normal incidence
Data
Could see direct photons and mirror-reflected photons.
However, there is large background
Veto shower and cross-talk cuts needed 57
![Page 58: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Clean hit (center of Anode pad) Depending upon amplitude, “cross talk” hit (red) ==
remove by filtering
Can (in principle) decouple PMT, wiring & readout x-
talk
Signal processing
58
![Page 59: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Photon Counting Studies Example event, waveforms from all channels of one MCP-PMT
Testbed for: • Ensuring cross-talk or
charge sharing events are not double counted.
• Counting double hits. • Avoiding any artificial
digital glitches that might otherwise be
counted.
Red – waveform with a hit to be counted in total
Nγ Blue – waveform with no
hit
Single p.e. laser studies allow a more controlled environment to check cross-talk from various sources.
59
![Page 60: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Temperature Dependence
• Timing observed to drift over event number – Contributions:
• Baseline shifts in waveforms
• Change of time-base with temperature
– Timing over limited event region demonstrates improvement in timing resolution by removing these effects
For pulsed channel, hit_time vs Event Number
σt ~50 ps
60
![Page 61: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Cosmic Ray Telescope (Fuji Hall, KEK)
60ps/ 4
~30ps
~1mm resolution
Sci Fi tracker over
~2 meters < ~1mrad
61
Under construction now: testbed for “final” ASIC, pre-production electronics
![Page 62: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
CRT Platform: Back-end processing
• COPPER (COmmon Pipelined Platform for Electronics Readout)
• Used in Belle, J-PARC experiments
•FINESSE (Front-end Instrumentation Entity for Subdetector Specific Electronics)
Upgraded for Belle II
62
![Page 63: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
4x Fiber Optic Connections
Dual Core DSP 128 MB SDRAM
Dual Core DSP 128 MB SDRAM
DSP_FIN • 500 MHz processor per core
• 32x waveform channels per core • 60k Waveforms/s benchmarked
2.54 GB/s
Fast-feature extraction -- beam & CRT
63
![Page 64: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Data Reduction Exercises
64
• 30kHz L1 Trigger: 2.5% occupancy (100ns window)
• <100 samples>/hit • 0.3Gbps (~10% link
capacity) • ~100 samples
reduced to T,Q per p.e.
• Few kBytes/evt (max)
• 13 Mbytes/s expected output
“full speed” testing
![Page 65: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Belle II TOP Readout Status
• IRS3B fabricated (“final ASIC, if no changes needed”) • Next generation control firmware in development v.2
fDIRC CRT; v.3 IRS3B, backend processing • Redesign, fab of next generation board stack
– Improved HV, cooling – Feedback control, in-situ calibration – Amplifier options being studied (N.B.: 5x105 gain)
• Experience with confirming prototypes by end of 2012, “pre-production” early 2013
• Production in late 2013-2014 • Installation, commissioning and operations: 2015-2016
65
![Page 66: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Summary
• Enables whole new ways of instrumenting detectors • Commodity components and processes open whole new opportunities
The “Giga” Era of Instrumenation is here
66
![Page 67: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Back-up slides
67
![Page 68: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Timing Big Systems I
Global Clock
~20 MHz Reference Clock for DRS4 PLL 2.5 MHz
Reference Clock for timing channel
LMK03000 Clock Conditioner (National Semiconductor)
Jitter: 400 fs
68
![Page 69: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Pedestal and Pedestal Stability
• AC coupled input
SURF #5
∆T = 17C (δt ~ 24hours) ~0.052mV/C
69
![Page 70: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
125MHz sine wave
6GSa/s Pre-calibration
70
![Page 71: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Real MCP-PMT Signals (with BLAB2)
7-8 psRMS
Residual Time Walk
Rather robust for amplitude invariant signals,
TOF still hard, but can shape extract
71
![Page 72: The “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery · PDF fileThe “Giga” Era of Instrumentation at the Discovery Frontier ... KMI Seminar, Nov. 9, 2012 . ... What happened](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aadfe587f8b9a5d0a8b8fae/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Time Difference Dependence on Signal-Noise Ratio (SNR)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
10 100 1000
Signal Noise Ratio
Tim
e Di
ffere
nce
Reso
lutio
n [p
s]Simulated Performance vs. SNR
ν∆kTZ
300MHz ABW, 5.9GSa/s
72