Download - The Future Anvelope
Research in Architectural Engineering SeriesVolume 8ISSN 1873-6033
Previously published in this series:Volume 7. M. Eekhout, F. Verheijen and R. Visser (Eds.)Cardboard in Architecture
Volume 6. M. VeltkampFree Form Structural Design – Schemes, Systems & Prototypes of Structures for Irregular Shaped Buildings
Volume 5. L. Bragança, C. Wetzel, V. Buhagiar and L.G.W. Verhoef (Eds.)
Volume 4. R. di Giulio, Z. Bozinovski and L.G.W. Verhoef (Eds.)
Volume 3. E. Melgaard, G. Hadjimichael, M. Almeida and L.G.W. Verhoef (Eds.)
Volume 2. M.T. Andeweg, S. Brunoro and L.G.W. Verhoef (Eds.)
Volume 1. M. Crisinel, M. Eekhout, M. Haldimann and R. Visser (Eds.)
© 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.
ISBN 978-1-58603-827-4
Publisher IOS Press BVNieuwe Hemweg 6b1013 BG AmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Layout & Bookcover DesignRonald Visser
The Future Envelope, a Symposium held at 11 June -
Gevelbrance.
PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS
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PREFACE
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CONTENTS
Ulrich KnaackThe Future Envelope 1
Bert Lieverse11
A. Beukers, M. van Tooren, C. Vermeeren
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Luke LowingsOverlapping Boundaries 47
Thomas Auer67
Holger Techen75
Tillmann Kleiny
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Wim PoelmanThe future envelope and design methodology 97
Joop HalmanIndustrial Building Systems Design & Engineering
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Michiel Cohen, Joost HeijnisThe Future Envelope
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Axel Thallemerm 131
Mick Eekhout135
Ulrich Knaack, Tillmann KleinRoadmap for The Future Envelope 159
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Prof. Dr. Ulrich Knaack
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© 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.
Abstract-
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THE FUTURE ENVELOPE
Ulrich Knaack
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2. Current Façade Technology
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- one of the early corridor facades
layer and single glass units as external layer
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unit with a single layered façade, the so called “hybrid façade”
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chimney in the façade cavity and boxed window units to provide
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Figure 4Post tower Bonn – one of the
and double leafed facades are combined into a decentralized “component façade”
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3. Developing a Façade Research Group
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of Building Technology at the Fac-
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Figure 6Air-B-Wall – a student project
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5. The Future Envelope
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Ing. Bert Lieverse-
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© 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.
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DIFFERENT FUTURES
Bert Lieverse
VMRG
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AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES IN THE CENTURY AHEAD*
From Arts To Science, From CraftsmanshipTo Multidisciplinary Design And Engineering
A. Beukers, M. van Tooren C. Vermeeren
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering
Figure 1Wright brothers
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A Possible Scenario
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2.2 Scenario / Energy carriers
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Period Energy carrier/transformer Transport system MaterialsUp to 1830 Direct Wood, wind, water,
animals, manWalking, horses, barges, coaches
Wood, linen, copper, brass and iron
1830-1900 Coal Steam engines Coaches, ships, trains Wood, linen, iron, steel1900-1940 Coal Electric dynamo Trains, cars, buses Wood, linen, plywood, iron, steel1903-2003 Oil Internal combustion
engines, piston andturbine engines
All aluminium aircraft withpressurised fuselages
Wood, plywood, linen, iron, steel, aluminium, polymers
1960-2025? Oilpass turbine engines
Supersonic aircraft Iron, steel, aluminium, polymers, titanium,composites
1970-1990 Nuclear Centralised electricity distribution
High velocity trains Steel, aluminium, composites
1990-2025? Gasenergy supply, CH4and H2
City transport Steel, aluminium, titanium, advancedcomposites, advanced alloys, ceramics
2025-future? Hydrogen? Fuel cell?Gas? Bio-fuels?
Sustainable transport:Smart cars and busesNew aircraft and train concepts
newreinforcing materials and improved metals.
Nuclear? Direct electricity high velocity trainSolar? Direct electricity
Table 1
materials
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Proven and future transport systems
VelocityDomain (km/h)5
Transport market/system- Fuel Dominantresistance/drag-
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Dspec
50 < V < 100 Local:Smart2 busesSmart2 carsSmart2 trains
gas and electricity wheels(rubber/asphalt)(steel/steel)
spec
50 < V < 250 Local, regional and continental:human controlledcarsbuses
liquid fuels wheels, air friction(rubber/stone)
spec
125 < V < 300 Regional and continental:high velocity trains
electricity air friction(steel/steel)
spec
300 < V < 900airspeed
Regional, continental andintercontinentalsubsonic aircraft
liquid fuel, hydrogen friction drag spec3
Exotic or obsolete transport systemsIntercontinental:supersonic aircraft
liquid fuels induced drag, wave drag spec
V < 150 Regional:wings in ground effect
liquid fuels air friction, induced drag spec
V < 120 Regional:airships
liquid fuels air friction spec4
Table 2
1. Dspec = 0·30 (equal to 30%) means: for 1kg in transport about 3N is needed to overcome resistance.2. Smart could mean:
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2.5 Scenario/Morphologies of structures
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Figure 3Leonardo da Vinci sketch
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Figure 5Wright biplane
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2.5.4 Improved durability
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State of the art metaltransport vehicles
Wempty /Wpayloadindicative3
BusesCars 3 (12)1
8 (27)1 Mercedes Benz S-class, 1st edition, value dominated by propulsion and systems weightSubsonic aircraft 42 balanced division of weight fractions3
Supersonic aircraft 122 value dominated by propulsion, systems and fuel weightIntercity trains 102 value dominated by structural weightGlobal orbit 66 value dominated by fuel weightLunar orbit 500 value dominated by fuel weight
Table 3
1. Between brackets the value is given for one occupant only
3. Wtotal = Wempty + Wpayload
Wempty = W + Wfuel + Wstructure
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Design Philosophy
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Figure 6Extra 400
Figure 7Airbus A380
Figure 8Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit
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Figure 9
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Table 4
lowest registered value11
or Performance per unit weight
based on imaginary yarn properties of equal apperance
engineering constants yarns existing
T 300yarns existing E-type
yarn virtual 7075
yarn virtual piano wire
Material properties densityYoung’s modulusyield stress
3 kgm–3
9 Nm–2
y 106 Nm–22303,530
733450
71420
2103100
(vs) the lowest listed value (1 0)dominantparameter
Solid shells: compression
buckling critical (E 1/3
(E 1/3min
Curved beams:CompressionBending
buckling critical orstiffness criticalstrength critical
(E 1/2
(E 1/2min
Bending f 2/3
f2/3
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Pressure vessels: strength critical,iso-tensoid wound
f
f min
Sandwich shells:Bending
stiffness criticalmin
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Figure 11The S curve
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Figure 12Fuselage requirements
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Figure 14The shift of the coincidence frequency for a sandwich panelwith a bending stiffness of 20 times the stiffness of a single skin plate and 2/ 1 = 10(7)
wich Fuselage Concept
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Figure 15BWB fuselage cross-section
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Figure 16Nests of pressure vessels from pressurised tubes to nestedchains of ellipsoidal segments and pressurised ‘cathedrals’
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References
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M.A. Luke Lowings-
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© 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.
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OVERLAPPING BOUNDARIES
Luke Lowings
London
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The Rachofsky House Dichroic Light FieldTower Palace London
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Columbus Center, Glass Wall and Roof
Design engineer: Schlaich, Berger-mann & Partner1999-2004
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Lichthof Facade and Roof
Bergermann & Partner1999
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WTC7 façade
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Arup & Partners, London 2002 - 2004
previous page
Docklands, Dublin Building architect: BurdonCraig
Engineer: Arup Facade Engineer-ing, London2005-
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5. Synthesis?
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Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer
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© 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.
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Thomas Auer
Transsolar
PERFORMANCE AS A GOAL INTEGRATION AS THE APPROACH?
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2. History
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Figure 1
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Figure 2Crown Hall and the Dayley Center in Chicago
3. High Performance glass buildings
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Figure 3Prisma Building, Frankfurt, using double facade technology
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with heat mirror glass
opposite page
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integrated mechanical systems
Figure 7Graded wall principles (Marcel Bilow)
5. Future Systems
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2. Zollverein School, Zeche Zollverein, Essen, Germany
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FUTURE ENVELOPES FROM IMAGINATION TO REALIZATION
Holger Techen
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Figure 1Design model
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Figure 2
components
Figure 3Lower reinforcement layer, piping
displacement bodies, built-in light
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Figure 4Arrangement of high-load posts
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Figure 5Glass dividing walls with concealed -
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a free-standing wall during the building process
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Winter)
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fully glazed building envelope
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membrane
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Figure 13Assembly and test loading of the membrane roof on the free-stand-ing glass panels
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4. Summary
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Dipl.-Ing. Tillmann Klein --
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© 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.
Tillmann Klein
Leader Facades Research Group Faculty of Architecture
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EVOLUTION OR REVOLUTION OF SYSTEMS IN FAÇADE TECHNOLOGYIs Function Integration the Strategy for the Future?
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Technology, Chicago, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, 1956
Figure 2
Technology, Chicago, Detail of façade
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Ausklinkung A
Ausklinkung B
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Figure 3Detail of post-beam system, Raico Bautechnic
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Figure 5Standars and systems in the design process
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Exemplary projects-
Modular facade element
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Figure 6Modular fa
concrete with decentralized climate unit
Figure 7Detail of modular façade element
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Figure 9
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Figure 11Assembly of Jackbox
Jackbox
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Figure 12School of Management and Design, Essen, SANAA, Tokio with Heinrich Böll, Essen, 2006
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6. Conclusion
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© 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.
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THE FUTURE ENVELOPE AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY
Wim Poelman
Chair of Product Development Faculty of Architecture
Poelman + Partners
Figure 1Eekels (1995)
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Figure 2Fundamentals of design
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Figure 4
technology
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(1992)
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Figure 6
research, according to Van den
10. Conclusions
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© 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.
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INDUSTRIAL BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN & ENGINEERINGAccelerating change through research and education
Joop Halman
Management & Engineering Faculty of Engineering
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Figure 1
(Hofman et al, 2006)
Relative importance
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Type of kitchen
Sanitairy facilities (type and colour bath, w ashbasin, toilet)
Tiling (type and colour)
Floor f inish (parquet, carpet, tiles)
Interior w alls (w allpaper, stucco)
Telecommunication (telephone, internet, television)
Position kitchen
Type, number and position sockets and sw itches
Length and w idth living room
Number of bedrooms
Type of heating (f loor / w all)
Choice in roofing construction (dormer, terrace)
Façade back (bay, position w indow s)
Façade front (bay, position w indow s)
Position bathroom
Position w ashbasins
Inner casements and doors
Depth house
Heating system (boiler, w ater heater)
Door hardw are (type of locks and latches)
Casing (material, free of maintenance)
Position toilet
Choice in type of roof
Position innerdoors
Number of bathrooms and toilets
Position w atertaps (cold and w arm)
Façade f inish (masonry, w ood)
Plot layout
Parking facilities
Width house
Roofing f inish (type and colour roofing tiles)
Type security system
Playground and green area
Extra (solar system)
Pavement
Housing attribute
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Figure 2
hierarchy of modules (Veenstra et al, 2006)
Structure Traffic Space
(Bed)room
Kitchen
BathroomExtensionLiving room
Garage
Storage
Bay window
Dormer
Exterior(building style)
Core
Finishes
Floorplan
Built-inmodules
Extensionmodules
Module specification
Interior
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Figure 3Centralized versus decentralized network (Langlois and Robertson, 1992)
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8. Towards a new Master in Industrial Building systems Design and Engineering
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ules and subsystems (NCC and Burggraaf)
9. Future professionals in façade development
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10. Conclusion
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© 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.
THE FUTURE ENVELOPETowards a More Reactive Facade
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Figure 1“Could medieval man imagine a city of brick?”
Michiel Cohen, Joost Heijnis
Cepezed Architects
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Figure 2Basic shelter without added (com-plicated) requirements.
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Figure 4
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Figure 6The sandwichpanel evolved into a building component which led to
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Figure 8Perforated steel screens used in the design of the Centre for Hu-man Drug Research, CHDR (1995) in Leiden, the Netherlands (by cepezed)
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Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Axel Thallemer
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© 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.
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AFTERTHOUGHTS TO THE SYMPOSIUM
Axel Thallemer
Professor Technical Design Academy of Fine Arts, Hamburg. Dean of Industrial Design Linz, Austria Self-employed under Airena®
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© 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.
FUTURE FOR FAÇADE RESEARCH AT TU DELFT
Mick Eekhout
Professor of Product Development Nestor of Building Technology Faculty of Architecture
A warrior of light knows that he has much to be grate-ful for.
He was helped in his struggle by the angels; celestial forces placed each thing in its place, thus allowing him to give of his best.
His companions say: ‘ He’s so lucky!’ And the warrior does sometimes achieve things far beyond his capa-bilities.
That is why, at sunset, he kneels and gives thanks for the protective Cloak surrounding him.
His gratitude however, is not limited to the spiritu-al world; he never forgets his friends, for their blood
A warrior does not need to be reminded of the help
he makes sure to share with them any rewards he re-ceives.
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Figure 1
and 5 research programs
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Figure 2Six rings from fundamental re-search to free architectural design
of Research, Development and Design.
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Figure 3
Technology Research, 15 subpro-grams and some 80 researchers.
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3. Status Of The Subprogram Facades
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4. Sixteen Steps Strategy
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approach.
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Step 5: Towards Reprogramming
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Step 8: Peer Reviews for the Mid Term Review -
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ponents’
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Step 11: Mid term Review
Step 12: Programming Building Technology Plus
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5. Colloquia
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• BlobsKassel
• Industrial Building
• Informatics
• Zappi
• Climate Design
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6. Development of this Research Program
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Poster 9.2.2
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Poster 9.2.3
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Poster 9.2.4
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Poster 9.2.5
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Poster 9.2.6
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Poster 9.2.7
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10. Towards a 3TU Research Plan for Building Technology
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13. Enlarging the Research Plan In 2007
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14. Match between Demand and Supply
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Before embarking on an important battle, a warrior of light asks himself: ‘How far have I developed my abilities?’
He knows that he has learned something with every battle he has fought, but many of those lessons have caused him
did not deserve his love.
Victors never make the mistake twice. That is why the war-rior only risks his heart for something worthwhile.
References
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© 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.
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The Next Step: Integrated Facades and Comfort Industry
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ROADMAP FOR THE FUTURE ENVELOPE
Ulrich Knaack Tillmann Klein
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Service Provider (Subsystem)HeatingCoolingVentilationLight
Integrated facade solution
Figure 1
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The Strategic Development: Performance Oriented Envelopes
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Service ProviderHeatingCoolingVentilationLight
Integrated facade system
Figure 2
Time
Rapidchange
New discovery
Improvement
Pro
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and incre-mental improvement when products reach maturity.
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The performance oriented envelope.
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Personal Conclusions of the Conference
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