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The fight for the resources of Canada
The Fur Trade
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Quick reviewEurope wants wealth and power
= mercantilism, imperialism Search for NW Passage to Asia
John Cabot claims Nfld for England, and discovers wealth in fish in the grand banks
Jacques Cartier explores the St. Lawrence for France – sees value in fur, insults Iroquois
Samuel de Champlain sets up colony of New France and starts the Fur trade for France, also makes enemy of the Iroquois
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Exploration World Map
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Champlain and the start of the fur trade sets up colony of New France
(Quebec), and is first Governor, in order to set up the fur trade
Alliance with Huron – get furs, but hated by the Iroquois
Hire “Coureur s de Bois” – “runners of the woods” to explore inland, make alliances with Natives, set up fur tradeMany marry Native WomenStrong, independent, brave men
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English and French Land Claims: 1645
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Value in Fur all fur valuable for clothing,
coats, bedding
Beaver Fur most valuable – under fur used to make felt for hats!
HUGE demand – new hat fashions each year
Monopoly on fur trade = mercantilism (makes that country the richest and most powerful)
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French Fur TradeVarious fur trading companies work
for France(example: Company of 100 associates)
Workers are men each with a share in company, or independent workersMen canoe to Natives, and gather
fursTrade goods including fire arms and
alcohol to natives for fursCoureur de bois become Voyageurs
Take furs to Montreal, canoe out St. Lawrence to ship to FranceConstant interference with Iroquois
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Voyageurs Called themselves “Canadiens”
Fur traders from New France famous fro strength, endurance,
knowledge of wilderness
Paddled canoes between fort William and Montreal collecting furs – thousands of km
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Voyageurs
Camp under canoe, sing songs, eat pemmicanPemmican: buffalo meat, fat, and
berries
Portage = forced to carry goods / canoe/ furs over land to go around rapids, waterfalls, connect to new river
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Radisson and Groseillies2 French Voyageurs (fur traders)
Sick and tired of fighting the Iroquois on the St. Lawrence to ship furs
Alternative: ship out Hudson’s Bay
Take idea to French King Louis XIV – he takes their furs and says NO!
Go to English King Charles II – he says YES! and creates the Hudson’s Bay Company
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HBC and Rupert’s LandEngland is imperialistic –
Claim all the Land (and Fur) around Hudson’s Bay for England
Call it “Rupert’s Land” after Prince Rupert
1670: King gives a Charter to the New Hudson’s Bay Company giving them all the rights to the land and fur trade in Rupert’s Land
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HBC and Rupert’s Land
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Land controlled by HBC in 1700
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Land rights controlled by HBC in 1764
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Land rights controlled by HBC in 1850
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HBC Trading PostSet up trading posts at mouths of
rivers on Hudson’s Bay (and James’ Bay)
Natives bring furs to Trading Post (different form French voyageurs)
See p. 259 for map
Posts manned year-round, but Ships come to take furs to England (and bring supplies) once per year
Head trader: FactorPower over Day to day in Post
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HBC Trading PostStaff: clerks, boat loaders and
builders, carpenters, blacksmiths, servants Are employees and paid a salary,
work long hours
Discouraged form marrying Native Women, banned from trading Alcohol
Buildings: main depot, church, guest house, hospital, cooperage (barrels), smithy, bake house, fur storage, provisions house, officers’ quarters, servants quarters, etc.
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HBC Trading PostLong, cold winterBoring except when ship
arrives – new supplies and letters form home = celebration!
Trade goods for furs (to natives)List p. 261
Beaver pelts become currency1 “made beaver” (MB) or
“buck” sets value/ priceSee chart p. 261
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Map of Fort Langley
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English and French: MonopolyFrance and England both Claim
Land and Fur rights - Both want a monopoly
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NWCAfter 1763, the French Companies
are combined (under Scottish/ American Ownership) to 1 company: NORTH WEST COMPANY
Huge competition between HBC and NWC
NWC uses Voyageurs, controls st. Lawrence, great lakes and interior rivers/ lakes, deals directly with Native groups
Forces HBC to move inland when they intercept/ take furs
2 companies will merge in 1821
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Women in Fur Trade Traders married Native Women – called
“country wives” Half native, half French called “Metis”
Women were interpreters, diplomats, negotiators,
Knowledge was essential to survival of fur traders
Married for social connections Provide knowledge of customs,
knowledge of land, made snowshoes, moccasins, clothes, supplied local food, firewood, made and operated birch bark canoes, dried meat for winter
Some men abandoned their country wives and returned to Europe