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THE
E
T
Y
MO
L
O
GY
O
F L
O
C
AL
N
A
ME
S.
WIT
H A S
HOR
T INTROD UCTION
TO T
H
E
R
ELA T I
ONS
H
P
O
F
L
A
N
G
U
A
G
E
S
.
T
E
U T O N I
C
N
A M
E
S .
B
Y
R. M
O
R
RI
S
,
F
OR
ME
RL
Y
S
T
UD
E
N
T
0
F BA
TTER
S
E
A
TR
A I
N
I
N
G C
OLL
E
G
E
.
N
am
eshav
ea
ll
somemean
in
gwhen
fi
rs
t imposed;
an
d when ap
laceisna
medforthefirs t time
,
b yan
y people,
theya
pplytoi tsome t erm ine
ar
l
y
tim es gen erallydescriptiv eofitsn atu ral pecu liarities, orsomethin gelse. on accoun to f which itisremarkable, fromthe
iro
w
n
l
an
gua
g
e.
W
hen
wefi nd
th erefore,
tha
t the oldn ameso fn atural obj
ectsa
n
d
loca litiesin a coun
tryb elon
g,
forthemostpart,
toa particular lan guag e,
wem ay
con cludewith certain tythata peoplespeakingthat lan guage formerlyoccupied the coun try.
O
f
thisthe na
mes theyha
v
eso impressedare
a
s
surea proofas it the yhad
left a dist
in ctrecordofth eirexis te
n
cei
n
wordsen gra
ven on
therocks.
S ucho ldn ames ofplacesoften
lon g outlive bo
th thepeople tha
t bestowed them,
an
d
n earlyall thematerialmonumen tsoftheir occup
a
n
cy.
T
h
e
lan guage,
as a
vehicleof oral commun ication,
m a
y
graduallyb eforgotten
a
nd
be he a
rdno
more where itwa
s
on cein un iversal use.
a
nd
the oldtopographic
a
ln omen
cla
tu
re
m
a
y
S
t
lll
rema
in
un
chan
ged
Pr
etoriaHisto ry
o
f
E
n
g
land.
L
O
NDON :
JUD D G LA S S,
N
EW BRIDGE ST RE ET,
BLA
C
K
F
RI A RS
,
E
C
.
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C ON
T
E
N
T
S
.
I NTRODUC
TION
W
O
RK
S
C
O
N
S
U
L
TE
D
THE
V
ALU
EO
F LOC
AL NAMES
T
H
E
COMPOSITION OF LOCAL NAMES
D IV IS
ION
I
.
D
E
SC
RIPT
IVE
ELEME
NT .
(
A
)
NAME OF TRI BES,
I
N
DIV I D
UALS,
F
AM
ILIE
S,
AND G
ODS
(
a
)
T
RIB
ES
(
b
)
F
AMILI
ES
(
c
)
I NDI V IDUALS
(
d
)
G
OD
S
(
B
)
NAMES0F A NIMALS
(
C
)
NAMES0 F TREES,
P
LAN
TS
,
c
(
D
)
NAMES
0E
M
IN
ER
ALS
(
E
)
NAMESO
F
Q
UALITIES
D IV ISIO
N I
I
.
G E
NERAL ELEMENT .
(
A
)
NAM
ESO
F
RIV ERS,
LAKES,
c
.
(
B
)
NAM
ES0 F MOUNTAI NS,
HILLS,
c
(
C
)
NAM
ES0
F
V ALLEY S,
PLAIN
S,
W
OODS,
c
.
(
D
)
NAME
S0 F H
AB IT
ATIONS
P
A GE
1 0
1 1
1 3
1
4
1 4
1
5
1
8
1
9
32
33
3
5
5
3
5
9
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I
N
T
R
O
D
U C
T
I
O
N
.
T
H
E R
E
L
A TI
O
N
S
HIP O
F
L
A
N
G
U
A G
E
S
.
LANG
UAG
E
S
,
says the authorof TheC
osmos,
comparedwi
th eachother,
and cons
idered as Objects Of the natu ral historyof
the humanm
i
nd
bein gdi
vided in to fam ili es accordin gt o theanalo
g
yo
f
thei
ri
nternal
structur e,
have become a rich sour ceofhi
s
torical
knowl
edge.
Products Of the mental powers,
theyleadus back
,
by thefundamental characters Oftheir organisation,
t
o
an obscure and otherwis
eu
nknowndi s
tance. Th
e comparativest
u
dy Ofl
anguages shows howraces,
or nations,
n o
w
separatedbywide regio
ns
,
are related to each other,
and have proceededfrom a common seat
;
itdi scloses thedi rections and pathsof
ancientm igrations3 in tr acin g out ep ochs0 1 development, itrec
ognis
es in the moreo
r
less altered characters Of thelanguage,
in
the p ermanency Ofcertain forms,
o r the alr eady advanced departure from the
m
,
which portiono
f the r a
ce has preserved alanguage neare
s
tt o
thatof their former common dwellingplace.
The coincidence s be tween thelanguagesO
f the globe have
b
een made the subject Of careful study by em in ent scholars,w
h
o
have establishedC
om
p
ara
ti
v
e
P
h
il
olo
g
y
upon the footin go
f a new science.
Ithas been found that mere verbal
comparisons are utterlyworthless in determ ining either the f ormation of
g
roups Oflanguageso r their relationst
o o
n e another.
Th
e di ctionaryof
a nation may be borrowed
for words
are soonl
ost and easily
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v i
INTROD UC
TION.
replaced;
but the grammaro f alang
uage thatis to say,
i
t
s
syntax,
conjugations,
an d de clensions,
the formation of n e w words from certain primitive forms
,
and those re l
ational
words
which perform a similar function, as pronoun s, numerals, andparticlesis
as constant and invariable a s the nation itse lf.
Grammatical analysisand comparison is therefore the only truemethod for the classification oflanguages accord
i
ng to thei
rradical affin ity
;
mere superficial resemblances of words pr ovenothing
,
nor have they any value unless tested and confirmed byarguments drawn from gramm atical structure
.
On the e vidence afforded by a searching grammatical analysis,th elan guages of the greater part ofEurope andA sia have beendividedinto three great famili es
,
whose grammatical forms areperfect
l
y cl
ear and distinct.
They have been namedI
ND
OEUROPEAN
or A
RIAN,
S
E
MITIC,
andT URAN IAN.
(
A
)
T
H
E
I N
D o
-
EUROPEAN orA R IAN fam i ly ofl
anguages extends from the mouth of the Ganges to the British Isles andthe Northern e xtremity of Scandin avia The termA rianisderived fr omA RYA
,
the original name of this family. Itsign
i
fiesh
on o
u r a
bl
e
,
oro
f
a
g
oo
d
f
a
m
i
l
y
. InA s ia wefind
twogreat branches
o
f this fam ily
I.T
he
I
n
di
a
n
. This bran ch includes the San skrit(
thelanguage of theV edas
,
the fir stliterary monumentof
theA rian
worl
d)
, wi
th itsl
ivi
ng representati
ves, the Hindustani
Ma
h
ratt
i
,
Bengali
G
uzera
ti
,
Sin ghalese,
c
.
;
the Prakrit and Pali
id
oms,
the Siah- Posh(
Ka
fir
dialect)
,
an d thel
anguage of
the Gipsies .
II. T h
e
I
r
an
i
an
0
7
'
Pe
r
si
a
n
.
To
this branch belong the Zend orO
ld Persian(
thel
angu
ageofthe Zendav esta)
,
with itsrepresentatives the
l
anguage of the A chaemenians,
writtenin
theC
uneiform character3 the speech ofHuzvaresho r Pehlevi 3the Pazend orParsi
3
and the modernPersian. The
foll
owingdialects
,
though n ot very im portant in a philological
view,
belong to this class theA fghan,
Bokhara,
K
urdian
,
A
r
m e
n
i
an
,
and Osseti
an.
InEurope there are noless thans
ix
b
rancheso
f
theA
ri
an
I
.
T
he
C
e
l
t
i
c. Though theC
elts see m tohaveb
een thefir
st
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INTROD
UC
TION.
v
i
i
inhabitantso
fEurope,
very fewof
their dial
ects areno
w spoken,
having been superseded by theT eutonic idioms .Modern
C
eltic dialects aredi
videdi
nto two classes3
(
a
)
the
Gal
l
ic o r A ncient British, including the W
elsh(
C
ymr
ic)
,
C ornish,
a
n
d
A
rmoricanof Brittany3
(
b
)
theGalic,
Gadhelic,
o
r
Erse,
incl
ud
n g theIrish(
F
e
n
ic
)
,
the Highl
andScotti
sh(
Gaelic)
,
andManx,
the dialecto
f the Isleo
f
Man.
I I. The Te
u t
o
n
i
c
. This branch is di
vided into th
r
ee dialects3
(
a
)
the High German,
incl
uding theO
ld
High German,
theMiddle High German
,
and the ModernHigh German3
(
b
)
the
Low German, in cluding the Gothic , theA nglo-
Saxon and English
,
theO
l
d
Saxon and Pl
att
-Deutsch
,
theF risic,
theDutch and F
l
emi
sh3
(
c
)
the Scandi
n
avian,
incl
uding theO ldNorsk
,
theIcel
andic,
theNorwegian,
Sw
edi
sh,
andDanish .
II I. The I tal
ic. T
o
this class belong the Oscan,
Umbrian,
andLatin dialects
3
theO
l
d
Provenc
al
,
and theRomancelanguages(
Provenc
al and French,
Italian andW allachian,
Spanish andPortuguese
)
formed during the decay of theLatin.
I
v
.
The
He
l
len ic.
This branch incl
udes the Greek andi ts dialects
,
theA eolic,
Ionic,
Doric,
andA ttic.
v
. T he
A lb
an
i
an
3
including theG e
g
hi
an
and theT oskiandialects spoken in Illyria andEpirus
.
V I
.
Th
e
S
l
a
v
o
n
i
c
orW
i
nd
i
c
branch is divided into twodialects3
(
a
)
theLettic,
incl
uding theLithuani
an,
O
ldPrussian,
and Lettish3
(
b
)
the Slavonic Proper,
which is again dividedin
tot wo branches,
termed theEastern andW
estern
.
The Eastern dialect includes theRussian(
Great,
Little,
andW
riteRussian)
,
the Servian,
K
r
oa
ti
an
,
andSl
ovenian3
and theBulgarian
,
o
r in its ol
dest form,
theEcclesiastical
Sl
avonic.
T
h
e
W
estern dialect in cludesth
e Polish, the Bohemian, thePolabian,
and theLusatian.
(
B)
T
H
E
S
EMITIC
Famil
y(
so call
ed from Shem,
o
n
e of thesons of Noah
)
is not so widely extended as theA rian family,
but the nations composi
ng it were thef
irst to appearu pon thetheatre of history
.
It compri
ses the following branches2
I
.
Th
e
A
r
a
b
i
c
, which includes the Ethiopiano r A bi
s
s
i
n
i
an
an d
the Maltese.
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viii
INTROD UC
TION.
II. The
C
h
alde
a
n
,
which incl
udes theO
l
d Babylonian,
theC
hal
deeo
f
Babyl
on and Mesopotamia,
theC haldeeo fDanieland
o
f
theT
argums,
and the Sy
rian(
A ramaic)
.
III. TheH
e
b
r e
w
thelanguage ofC
anaan,
whichincludes thePhoen
i
cian andC
arthag
inian.
I V
. T he B
er
b
er
d
i
a
l
ect
s
,
which are sp okenin
Morocco,
A l
giers,
T
unis,
Tripoli,
a
n
d
F
ez. T
h
e Haussa and Galla dialectsare
n o
w
considered as Sem itic idioms .
(
C
)
T
HE
T
URANIAN
familyo f
languages isdi stinguished from
theA rian and Semiticin the total absenceof inflection.
To express the variations for case,
mood,
c
,
Turanianwordsundergo noinflection
3
but an additional
wor d i sg
lu
e
d
,
as itwere to the noun
,
verb,
c
,
as the case may be ,
in order toexpress the re
l
ationsof case,
mood,
c
. Hence these haveb
eentermed
a
g
g
l
u
t
i
n
i
z
in
g
lang
uages.
T
o
connect the idea. ofplurality
with the Engl
i
sh wordboy
,
we merelyin flect it,
and obtain thewordb
o
y
s
;
but upon thepri
n
cipleo
f agglutination,
a syllable indicativeo
f
pl
urality mustbe af fixed
,
e .
g
.
,
singular,
b
o
g
;
pl
ural
,
b
o
g
-
cr ow
d
.
T
hus theroots are never obscured
,
while they admit of av
ocal h
a
r
m o
n
y
which i s altogether peculiar to this famil
y ofl
anguages3
e
.
g
.
,
(
Turkish)
a
g
h
d alord,
becomes in the p lural,
a
g
ha
-
l
ar
3
e
r
,
a
man b e comes i n t h e p lural, er-
l
e
r
, a n d n oter-
l
ar
, asin theform er case.
The vowelso f theagg
l
u
ti
n
i
z
ed
syllabl
es,
i
t
is easily seen,
m
ust harmonize with those of the roots;
e
.
g
,
(
Magyar)
h
er
t
,
agarden
,
makesh
er t
eaz
n e
h to the gardener,
and nother t-ase -nah.
There are twogreat divisi
ons of thi
s famil
yI
.
Th
e
N
or
ther n or
U
r al
-
A
l
t
a
i
c
division includes(
a
)
theTu
n
gusian dialects,
spoken inU pper andLowerT unguska,
onthe coast of Ok
h
otsk,
and by theMan tc
h
o
o
s
o
r
M
a
n
d
s
h
u
s
(
inC
hina)
3
(
b
)
the Mongolian dialects,
spoken in theNorth andSouth ofGobi
,
in Tibet and Tangut,
in the plains on each side of theV olga
(
by theO
lO
t
s orK almuks)
andby the Buriats of
Lake Baikal 3(
c
)
theT urkish dialects, spoke n i n DerbendKr
i
m
e
a
,
A n t
o
li
a
,
and Rumelia3
(
theY
akuts,
theT atarso r
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INTROD UCTION. ix
orT
urksof
Siberia,
theKirg
his
,
the Bashkirs,
theK u m ian s
,
theNo
g
a
i
s
,
and theK aratschais,
theU sbegs,
U
igurs,
andT ur kOmans
,
speakT urkish dialects)
3
(
d
)
theFinnish dialects,
spoken
by theHu
ngarians,L
apps, Finns,E
s
t
h
s
,
V
ogul
s, Permians,
c
.
3
(
e
)
thedi
al
ect
so
f theS
am
o
i
ede
s a
n
d
Ost
iake
s
.
II. T h
e
S
o
u t
he
r
n
d
i
vis
i
on
comprises theT amul
,
the Bhotiya,
and theMalay.
The
C
aucasiandi alects are degenerated branchesof
theT
uranian fami
l
y;
they in
cl
ude the idioms of th e Georgians or
Grusians,
theS u
an s
,
the Lazes,
theLe
s
g
hi
,
theM
i
t
s
g
e
g
hi
,
andtheK
e
r
k
e
ss
i
an s andA basian s.
-
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WORK
SC
ONSU
LTED.
L
o
cal
N
omenc
latu re o
f th
e An
g
lo
-
Saxons
,
byH
.
L
eo
.
C
odex D ip
l
o
m a
t
i
c
us
v
i
Saxo
n
ici
,
E
dite
dbyP
ro
f
essor
K
e
mble .
The
G
e
rman iao
f T
acitu
s,
e
dite
dby Dr. L
a
tha
m.
B
o swo rt h
s
A
n
g
l
a
S
axon Dict ion ary .M
e
i
di
n
g
e
r
s
C o
mp
ara
tiv e
Dic
tio
n
aryof t
h
e G o
thic Ton
g
u
e
s .
Jai
n i
e
s
on
s Sco
ttishDic
tio
n ary .
T
he
Saxons in En
g
land
,
byProfe ssor Kemble .
W or saa
e
s Dan es
an
d
N
o
rw
e
g
ian si
n
E
n
g
lan
d.
The Nor
thme
n in
C
u
mbe
rlan dan d
W
es
tmo
re
land
,
byR . Fe rg
u son.W
rig
h
t
s
P
r ovinc
ial
Dic
t io
n
ar
y .
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THE
ETYM
O
LOG
Y O
F
LOCAL
N
A
M
E
S
.
N
a
m
es
o
fp
l
a
ces
i
n a
greatmeasure b elon g totheoldestandmostprimitive eviden cesofl
a
n
gua
ge,
a
n
d
theyar e
of the highestimportan cein t he
history ofn at ion san d
dia
lects.
-
H
.
L
eo
.
I
t
ca
n n
otbe doubted thatlocal nam e
s
,
an
d those devoted to distin guish then a tural
fea
tureso fa
coun
try,
posses san in heren tv italitywhich even theurgen cyo fconq
uest isu na
ble to remove
K
e
m
b
l
e
.
T
h
e
geogra
phyan
d
his toryo fa n ation mustbesough tin the lan guageofthena
m e
g
i
v
er
s
of tha
t coun
try,
orina
tran
s la
tion of th e languageo f th en ame- givers of tha
tcoun try. Pococke.G
eogra
phi
ca
ln
omen
cla
tureisa
bra
n
chofgeogra
phygen
era
llyleft tochan
ce
orca
price;and itw ill n o t be easytofindany departmen tso left, whichhas been moreabused. W hereevern
a
mes ex
ist,
a
nd
where thesen amesm ay
have exi sted fora n um be
r ofa
ges,
ita
ppea
rs somethin
g lik
e sa
cri lege to di sturb or chan ge them;
suchn a
mes,
besides thesa
credn
essofan
tiq
uity,
ar
e
often sig
n i
fica
n t,
a
n
d con tain in th emselves in forma
tion as
tothe migr
a
tion s of the human race,
an
d th e former conn exion which existed between
tr ibesn
o
w
f
ar
separa
t ed. Na
mesare
seldom vulgar or r idiculous,
an
d they fur n i sha
co
pious fun
dofdistribut
iv e t erm
s,
to obv ia
te the con fusion whicharises togeogra
phical
n omen
claturein
the repetition
for the hun dredth time of rivers T hames,
T ren
t,
an
d
T yn e,
c
.
;
a
n
d
it fortun
a
telyhappen s thatin n o coun try,
howeverbarbarous ort hin lypeopled
,
a
r
e
th egreat featuresofn ature,
as riversan dmoun tain s,
withoutna
mes;
and
then ameo fa river o rmoun tain m a
y
beappropriatelyappliedalsototh e dis trict
in
which
itoccurs
Ca
p
t
. F
etch
.
Hew
h
o
calls departed ages again intobeing,
says Nieb
uhr
,
enjoys a bli
sslike that of creating.
T
he study of wordsdoes this
3
it recalls the past withall its associations,
sothat fora time it becomes a part of the present. It cannot beotherwise
,
for every word rests upon somef
ac
t
3
sothat.
when we attempt
to account for the meanin gof a word, we only goback to thefact upon which it rests.
T
here is one class of words which isvery suggestive
w
e
mean those na
m
e
s which have beenattached f or ages to places fami
li
ar to us from the daysofou r
childhood,
from our pl
easu
re excursions,
or fromo
u
r courseof reading. The thought
f
ul
mind cannot remainlong contentedwith names that convey nomeaning with them
3
there is alway
sthe desire toretain them in the memory by som e p r incipleof
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1
2
E
TYMOLOG
Y
OF L
OC
AL
NAM
E
S
.
as
s
o
c
i
a
to
n
,
and thisleads to an inq
uiry concerni
ng their originand history
,
o r when and why theywere im
posed.
Th
e studyof place-namesis one
,
then,
of great interest to thehi storian
and toth
e teacher.
The significationof a single name thr owsmuchlight upon t h e historyof nations
and their migrations.In point of fact
,
there is often more dependence tobe placedupon words than upon h
i
story3
for,
saysH
a
l
b
ers
t
m
a
,
it pleasesnot the museo fh
i
s
tory to speak butl
ate,
and then in a veryconfu sed manner yet sheoften deceives
3
and beforesh
e comestomaturity she se ldom d
i
stinctl
y tell
sus
the truth.
Lang
uagenever deceives
,
but speaks moredi s
tinctl
y,
though removed to ahigher anti
q
uity.Th
e objecto fthe foll
owing pagesi
s
to suppl
y teachers withthe chiefr oot orh
e
y
- words
whi
ch are necessary for theexp
l
a
nationoflocal names inEngl
and,
and suchkindred forms as aretobem
e
t with in those countries occupied by nations belongin gto the same fami
l
y,
and usual
y termedT
eutoni
c.
It is a wellknown fact that manyof the names of p
l
aces in England are
also common to Germany. V erstegan, inhis scarce work,printedin 1 60
5
,
very p lainl
y al
ludesto
it.
Thus the Saxons
,
he says,
whoat first came untothe aidof the Britons,
became about two hundr
ed years after,
to
b e t h e p ossessorsand sharers of the best part
o f
the Isl
eo
f
Brita
in among themselve s. A nd as their
l
angua
ge was al
to
gether di
ff
erent fromthatof the Britons
,
sol
eft they very few cities,
towns,
villages,
passages, river
s, woods,fi
el
ds, hill
s , or dal
es that they gave notnew namesu nto,
such as in theiro
w
n
l
anguage were intelligible,
and either given by reasono
f
the sit
uation or natureo f theplace
,
or after some pl
acei
n
some sortl
ike untoit in Germany,
from whence they cam e as the name ofOxfordo r Oxenford,
on the river Thames,
after the t own o f
the same name in Germany
,
situated on
the Oder;
o
u r Hereford,
near untoW
al
es,
afterHe
rvf
o r
d
inW
estphal
ia.
A n
d so,
in
like man ner,
may be saido fStafford, Swinford, Bradford, Norden, Newark,Bentham
,
O
xen
b
r
id
g
e
,
Buc
h
u
r
st
,
S
co
re
t
ho
r
p
e
,
Holt,
Mansfield,
S
win
e
field
Daventry,
Hampstead,
Radcliff,
Ro sendale,
and agreat number
of
pl
aces ino
u r
country,
that yet retain the namesof
pla
cesi
n
Germany and the Netherlands(
albeit the ancientorthography may in some of them be alittle varied
)
,
as heret obe reckoned upwou
l
d bet
edious .
W
e have chosen English names as the basisof comparisonb
ecause they are more famil
iar,
and,
indeed,
of moreimportance
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ETY
M
OLOG Y
O
F L
OC
AL
NAMES
.
1 3
than any others.
Emerson,
speaki
ngo
f them,
says The names are e xce
ll
ent3
a n a tm
osphere o
f l
egendary melodyspreads over theland
.
Older thanall epics andhi stories,
which cl
othe a nation, thi
s under-
shi
rt s it
s cl
oset o
the body.
V ha
t history,
too,
and what stores of primitive and savag eobservation
,
it un folds
The n ames of placesin
England,
and am ong the Teutonictribes generally
,
are composedof two parts .Th
e first memberis a
d
escr
i
p
t
i
ve
word referringt o some parti
cular histo
rical
circumsta
nce,
to
personages,
toan imals
,
vegetables,
or mineral
s
3
o
r i t may be mere lya
n adjective. The second member de sigm ates, , by some
g
e
n
e
r
a
l and appropriate t e r m , either thenatural features
o
f the coun
try,
settlement,
or neighbourhoodt
o
be described ash
ill
,
mountain,
river,
c
.
o
r some artificial
con struction
s,
as to
wn
,
borough,
field,
85
0
.
Th
e
fir
st memberis generally pre fixed to disti
n
guish places having si
mil
arpositions Stap
le
ford,
Notti
ng-ham,
New-ark
,
c. Sometimes the names
of
pl
aces are represented by a single word
e
.
g
.
, Slough, Ford, Holt, Down, Berg, Furt, c.
All places donot adm itof explanation. Those ending withI
n
g
or having afte r it Ham orT on,
are derived from the nameso
f tribes,
fam
il
ies,
or
indi
vi
duals.
The subject is natu ra
ll
ydivided into
I .
The D
esc
i
p
t
i
ve
El
e
m
e
n
t.
I I .
Th
e
G
e
n er
a
l
El
e m en
t
.
(
a
)
Names of Personages(
His
a
)
W ater,
River,
Brook,
c
.
t
or
i
c
a
l
orMy
t
hi
cal)
.
b
)
Moun tain ,H
ill, c.(
b
)
A
n imals .(
c
)
V all
ey,
Plai
n
,
c.
(
0
)
V egetabl
es.
(
d
)
Habitations
.
(
d
)
Mineral
s.
(
e
)
A djectives.
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7/25/2019 The Etymology of Local Names
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D
I
V I
S
I
O
N
I
.
DESCRIPTIVE ELEMENT.
(
A
)
NAMES OF TRIBES,
FA
MIL
IES
,
INDI V
IDU
A
L
S
,
A
N
D
G O
DS
.
(
0
)
T
r
i
b
es.
(
1
)
G ERMAN Thisn am e was n ot applied to the people ofG
e r m
an yby them selv es,
b
u t theyr e ceiv edit from the Celtso
n
accou n to f the
ir
ter r
i
bl
e
w
a
r
cr
y
.
T
h
e r o
o
to
f
the
w
ordis
the Celticv erbG
a
i
r
m ean
,
t
o cr
y
o
u
t
.
(
2
)
DUTCH(
D e
u
tsch
)
.
Thi
s term
,
Whi
ch is
n ow applied
to t
h
e
people of Hollan
d
is
li
tera
lly an ad
j
e
ctive
signifying
p
o
p
u
l
a
r
(
Diu
t-isc
)
.
Itwas or i
gi
n a
lly a
pplie
d
t
o
the
l
an
g
ua
g
e o
f
th
e Te
u to
nic peo
ple ino
r
d
er
to d
istin gu
i
s
hi t
from the Latin . The word TEUTONES, the Latin form of then
ativ e wo rdT
h
eotisc
i
,
T e
u t
isci
,
c
,
i
s
d
eriv ed from theG
othicr oo tD i
u t
,
a
peo
pl
e or n a
tion .
Ito ccu r sin them o
d
ern n am
e
TEUT-o
ber
g
er
.
Th
e
fo
ll
o
w
in
g
tri
be
s ha
v e
le
ft their n a
m
e
sas an
elem en tofl
ocaln o m en clatu r e
(
3
)
A
N
G
R
I V
AR I
,
i
n
ANGERN,
ENGERN,
ANGER- m un de .
(
4
)
ANGLES, in ANGLES
e
y
, ENG-
l
an
d ANGEL N,H
U
N
G
E
R
~
f
O
I
d
(
ANGLES -fo
r
d
)
.
(
5
)
A
n
a
vr
sc
r
i
n the riv
e
r RAAB,
an cien tlyARA BO .
(
6
B
URG UXD I
A
N
S
.
in BURGUN
DY.
(
7
CHERUSCI(
C
r
h
e
r
s
ti
m
)
in
t
h
e
HARTZ mo
un tain s,
HARM -bu rg
,
an
d
H
E
Rz
- bur
g
.
The r oo
t seem st
o b
e
t
h
e
G
othicHar,
H
aruc
,
a temp
le
.
Int
h
e
poe
m o
f B
e
o
-
I V
u
lf
i
t
o
ccu rsast
h
e
n am
e
of
t
h
e
g
r e
a
t pa
l
a
ti
a
l ha
llo
f
Hr
o
thga
r
.
(
8
G
AUC I,
in
C
U
x
-ha
v
e
n .
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7/25/2019 The Etymology of Local Names
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FA
M
ILIE
S. 1
5
CA TTI,
i
n HESSE.
E
UD
O
S
E
S
,
i
n E
xp
-
e
r
,
EUD
-
i
n
g
,
andD
oss
n .
FRISIANS,
in FRIES-land FRIs
-
b
y
,
an
d
FRI
s
- tho
r
pe
.
G or n s
,
in
G
orH
-
l
an
d
G
o
m
N
-
bu rg, G OTH-
a
.
L
AN
G OBARD
I
,
in LO
MBA
RDY,
BARDEN-g
a
n
,
BARB-Wi
ck
.
1
MO
N
A
V I
(
Me
n
a
pi)
,
i
n
MAN,
MONA,
a
n
d
MENAI
str
a
i
ts.
1 5
)
Saxon s,
in
E
s
-
s
n
x
(
Eas
t Saxons)
,
S
us
- SEX(
So
u
th
Sa
xo
ns
)
,
Middle-SEX(
Middl
e Saxons
)
,
Ho
ns
r m
N
Ho
l
t SA S
SEN,
o r
O
lt SASSEN,
O
l
d
Se
ttl
e
r
s.
T
h
e
in habitan tso
fHo
lste
i
n
wer
e
ca
lle
d
H
O
L
SA T
I
or
Ho
l
za
t
i
,
from the PlattDeu
tschS
i
fi
en
,
S
a
tt
e
n
t
o
s
i
t
.
(
1
6
)
S
u
i
oNE
s
,
S
u
E
v
r
,
i
n SWEDEN,
S
U
AB
I
A
,
OD ER,
at o
n
e tim ecalled SUEV US
,
an
d
t
he V I A D
R
U
S
,
wh
o
se
m
o
u
th
i
s
sti
ll called
SU
ARD
O
N
E
S
,
i
n
SCHWA
R
T-a
u .
T
H
U
R
I
N
G
I
,
in
THU
RINGIAN-Wal
d
R
U
G
I
I
,
in
t
h
e i
slan
d
of
RUGEN.
2
0
L
E
M
O
V
I
I
,
i
n
t
h
e
r
i
v er LEBA.
2
1
D
U
L
G
I
B
I
N
I
,
i
n
t
h
e r
i
v e r DULMEN .2
2
)
S
I T
O
NE
S
,
in
S
I
G TU
N
,
SITUN.
(
b
F
a
m
fl
tes
.
Th
e
n am
e soffam ilie san d individualse n te r largelyin to thecom po
si
ti
on
o
fl
o
ca
ln am e
s . Th
eym ay
b
e easil
ydi scov e r ed
bythe pa
r
ti
cl
e
IN
G
be
for e
H
A
M
,
T
O
N
,
HALL,
c
.
Thu sB IRMING
h
am w
as ori
g
in
a
llyt
h
e ho
m e o
f
t
h
e B
E
O
R
M
I
N
G
A
S
,
t
h
e d
escendan tso
f
B
eo
rm
;
BALDING-h
am of the B
A
ED LIN
G
A S BUCKINGham of
t
h
e B
UC
IN
G
A
s
;
L
lTTL
I
N
G
-
t
o
n
w
as
o
rigin
allyt he en clo sed r esiden ce of
t
h
e
L
YT
H
I
N
G
A
S
ELV
I
N
G
-
to
n
o
f
t
h
e E
L
FI
N
G
A S
,
and
KI
LLING-
ha
llt
h
e
for
tifie
d
r
e
sid
e
n
ce of
t
he
C
YLI
N
G
A
S
.
Profe ssor
sLe o a
n
d
Ke
m
bl
e
h
a
v e
thr
o
wn m
u chlig
hton thissubj
e ct t
h
e la
tte
r
wr
i
t
e
r
h
as
fu
r
n i
shedu s
w
ith a v aluable lis to
f these fam ilynam e
sin
h
i
s
S
a
x
o
n
si
n
E
n
g
l
a
n
d
T
he
fo
ll
o
win
g
e
xtra
ct fro
m
t
h
e
p
en of
M
r
.
Wrig
htwill be ofsom e se
r
vi
ce to the stud
e
n
tso
fn am
e s
The fam
il
y or clan did not al
way
s take it s nam efrom the chiefwhoobtain edthe allotm ent ofland; it was oftenbut abran chofam ucholderfam i
ly inthe la
ndfrom
whi
chthe se
ttlem
ent cam e. Hence wefi nd patro
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7/25/2019 The Etymology of Local Names
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1
6 ETYMOLOGYo r LO CAL NAMES.
h
ym
ies in distant part s ofEngland,
whichwou
ld seem toindicate thatdifferent m em bers of the sam e ori
g
in al fam ily hadj
oined in variouss
eparat e expedit ions to Britain;
and i t is still m ore curious that thisidentity ofnam e is found in di stricts peopled severally bythe differentrace s, A ngles, S axons, orJutes
.
This adm its oftwo explanations; itshowsthe closerelationship between the three races them selves,
an d itproves
,
probably,
that when a greatC
hief
ai
n of onerace,
an A n gle,
forinstance
,
plann edan
exped
it iont o Britain,
subordi
nate leaders from theother
S
axons,
Jute s,
or others,
were ready to enl
ist am
ong
his foll owers.Thus wefi nd theE m m
e
a
s at BI LLIN
G-ham in Durham
,
at BILLING-leyin Yorkshire
,
at BILLIN
G-hayin
L
in
col
nshir
e,
at BILLIN
G-ton in thecounties ofBedford
,
S
tafford,
andL
ancas
ter,
as
well as at other places,
all within the dis
trict occupied by theA
ng
les.
Wefi n
d
a settlem ent of
the sam efam ilyatB iLLI NGhu r st , inS ussex, and som e ofthem appeartohave established them s
elvesin the outski
rt
s ofL
ondon,
andt ohav eg
ivennam e to BI
L
LIN
GS
-gate(
There was a fam ily ofB
I L
L
UN
G
o
n theC ont
i
n
e
n
t
andHerm
annB
ill
un
g
wasi
nvestedwiththe Duchy ofS axonybyO
tto I. I n 1 1 06
them al e lin e ofthi shouse becam
e extinct onthedeathof the last
B illun
g
,
Duke Magnus,
who left two daughters,
E
ilik
e andW
ulf
h
il
d
;
W
ulfhi
l
d
wasm ar ried toH
enry of Bav a
ria,
surnam ed theBlack
,
a descendant of theG
uel
ph fam i
ly.
)
TheB
OS
IN
G A S
arefound atB
OSI
N
G
-
ham in Kent,
and again at the twoB
O
SSI
N
G
T
O
N
S
inHam pshireandS om erset .The
S
c
m
m e xs
ar
e
found atS
K
AER
IN
G-ton,
S
T
EE
RI NG-ford,
an dS
w an
s
-
to
n in Norfolk.
S
u r
n
am e
in E ssex,
atS
can
n
m G
-
t
on
i
n
Not t ing
ham s
hir e
,
and atS HE
E
RIN
G-toni
n
Buckingham and Wiltshire .We have the
HANI
N
G
A S
at three place
s nam
edH
ANN
IN
G-ton in North.a
m
p
tonsh
i
r
e
,
Herefordshir
e,
andWiltshire,
and alsoprobablyatHANNINGfield in Essex
.
\
V henwe exam
in e further wefi nd
inthese patronym ics,
n am es which belong
to the great fam
i
lieswhose hi
story ism ixed up inthe earliest Teutonic
m
ytholog y.
TheV V
A
E
LS I NG S
,
who are foun d atW
A
LS
I
N
G
-
llam in Norfolk, atW oLS ING~ham in Durham , and atW OOLSLNGton in Northum
berland appearto havebeen off
set s ofthegreat fam ily oftheV OL
SU
N
G
A B
ofthe Edda,
an d theV
O
LSILNG EN
ofthe oldG erm anrom ance s. The
H
AR
LIN
GS
(
He r
e
lin
g
as
)
,
who are foun
d at thr ee pla ce snam edHARLI
N
G-ton in Middlesex,
Bedfordshir
e,
andY o
rks
hi
r
e
,
as well asatHARLING in Norfolk
,
areals
oconn
ectedwiththeancientTeutonicmy
t
h
o
logy,
andtheirnam
eis found atH
A
R
LIN
GE
N
in F
rieslan d. TheSwan r as,
atribe whow as knowntohavedwelton
theborders oftheA ng
les ontheC ont inent
,
appear to have given their nam
e toS
w
arm
-
ham
i
n Norfolk.Mr. Kem ble, quotin g otherwell known nam es fr om them ythica nd halfm ythic history ofthe continen
t
al Teutons,
points outas furtherinstances,
that theBR
EN
TI
N
G S
ofthe northern rom
ancear e
found in Eng
land atBREN
T I
N
G
J
e
y
inL
eicestersh
ire,
a n d at BR
ANT
ING-h
a
m inY orkshire.The
S
CYL
D
I
N
G S
a
n
d
S
C
Y
LF I
N
G
S
,
celebrated northern races,
giv e the irnam e to
S
K
E
L
D
I
N
G
,
an dt o
two pl ac
es nam
edS KILL IN
G-to n in Northum
b
e
r
lan
d and Dor setshire. Th
e
A
RD
I NG S
,
who are found atA n n m atonin Berkshire
,
and atA u n r
s
c
-ley inS
us
sex,
are,
he says,
theA Z D I NG I,
the royal ra
ce oftheV
isigoths
andV
andal
s;
and the Ba s ra G S oftheC ontinent, overwhom , when the curiousA nglo -S axon fragm ent calledtheT ra
v
e
l
l
e
r
s So
n
g
was written,
aP
rince nam
ed Becca
ruled,
aret e
-
7/25/2019 The Etymology of Local Names
19/66
I NDIVIDUA LS .1
7
cognised inE ARNING -ham in Norfolk. TheH
E
L
S I NG
S
gave nam
e toHELS ING-ton in Westm oreland
,
and toHE
LS
ING- land in
S
weden;
andwefin d then
am
e of theB LECI
N
G A S
aswell inB LEC K
I NG EN
in
S
wedenasinB LET CHI NG -tonin Oxfordsh
i
re andB
L
E
'
r c
n m
c
-ley inS
urrey. I n
thee m G A S found atG uxr m e inG louceste rshire,
we perhaps tracetheJU T UNG I ofG erm any;
and anotherA
lam
ann
i
c tribe,
t
h
e Sc
u
n r
x
e
r
,
ar
e supposed to be traced in theS
C
Y
T
I
X
G
S
,
who gav
e their nam
e toS
HU T T ING-ton in Warwickshire. The C
elt
,
t
h
e
R
om an
,
a
nd
t
h
e S
a
x
on
.
)
(
c
)
I
ndivid
ua
l
s
The
n
am e
sof
per son s,
e
specially those ofpr
in
ce
san
d
g
r
ea
tlandown er
s,
con
stitu te a v e rylarg
e e
l
em
e
n ti
n l
o
cal n
om en
c
l
a
tur
e .
The
n am e o
f
ELLA is fou ndi
n ELLE
s
-
m e
r
e
(
ELLASlak
e
)
;
an
d
in E
LLE
s
-croft(
he field ofELLA)
;
a
n
d
th
a
to
f
hi
s
so
n
CISSAis
foun
d i
n
C
H
-
C
h
este r(
C
I
SS
AN
-
ceas
t
e
r
,
t
h
e
for
tifi
e
d
r e
sid
en
ce of
CISSA)
,
and
in
C
I
s
bu ry,
th
e cityofC ISSA. C ERDICis
r em
e
m
be
r
ed
i
n
CHAR-fo
r
d
(
C
ER
D I
C
S ford)
,
an
d
i
n
G
w a
s-le
y
(
C
E
R
D I
C
s
-
m
ea
d
o
w
)
.
E
BEBA , theQ
u
een o
f
I
d
a
,
h
as
l
efth er n am ein
BAH
-bo
r
o
u
g
h
(
BEBBA
S city Bebban burg
)
. T
h
e
Chri
st i
an
p
rin
ce
OSWAL
D,
w
h
o
w
as slain in battle,
a
n
d fell at a
p
ar
ti
cula
r
pl
ace n ear
M
as
e
r
fie
l
d
h
a
s
l
e
ft his n am e inO
S
W
E
s
-
tr
y
,
o
r
OSWALDStr
ee
.
Th
e nam e
o
f
t
h
e Danish King
CANUTEis foun din
KNUTSfor
d
(
C
A
N
UTE
s
ford)
,
C
N
U
T
s
-
d
elf
(
G
a
NU
T
E
s
-
di
tch)
,
an d
in
G
A
NEWd
on
(
C
A
N
U
TE
s
-
hill
)
. Danish n am esare a v eryim po
r
t
a
n
te
le
m e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
l
ocal n am esin the North of En gland
e
.
g
.
,
D
BMS-
ki
r
k
,
I V
O
R
M
s
-
h
ea
d
ORMES-by
an
d
s
r
(
O
r m
s
t
)
,
d
er
i
v
e th
e
i
r n am e
sfr
om
so
m
e
Sca
n
dina
v
i
an
l
ea
d
er
O
rm
o
r
U rm .
Th
e n
am e ofRA FX
o
r
RAVENis
foun d
in RAVEN- Side(
t
h
e seato r r esiden ce o
f
RAVEN)
,
an
din
RAVEN - Sto
n e
(
th
e
sto
n e o
f RAVEN)
. ULLERh
as
g
i
v
en
hi
s
n am e to
U
LL
E
R
s
- thorpe,
HUBBAt o HUBBER - sty,
an
d
U
L
FR
to
U
L
LE
s
-
wa
te
r a
n
d
ULVER- ston e . Num erou so
the
r
e
xam ple sm i
g
htb e
g
i
v en of
n am e sof Danish orig
i
n
,
b
u
t m a
n yo f themw
ill b
e n oticedasw
e proceed
The
fo
ll
o
wi
n
g
place
sar e
d
e
r
i
v
e
d from
t
h
e n a
m
eso f the
o
r
i
g
in
a
l po
sse sso
r
e
.
g
.
,
AYMES-t
r
y
,
EZ
m o
d
s
-tree . EPs
-
o
m
,
(
Ennis -ham)
.
E
p
h
a
sEL
-
t
on
,
E
l
n
ods
to
wn . hom e .P
AD-
sto
w
,
A
d
e
l
s-
d
w
e
llin
g
-
pla
ce
.
W oo
r
r
n
a
-
to
n
,
W
z
'
d
f
erds
LEVER-to
n
,
L
eo
f
r
z
'
c
s
-town . town .B
-
7/25/2019 The Etymology of Local Names
20/66
1
8
ETYMOLOGYO F LO CA
L NAMES
MA LMS-bury,
S
t
.
Maidu
l
p
h
s
WIL-le
y
,
W
i
l
la
j
s
-
m
e
a
d
ow
.
city. OFF-ham,
O
fl
a
s
- hom e.
(
d Nam es o
f
G
o
d
s
.
Itis well kn own thatthe an cien t Teu
to
n
i
c tri
be sw
ere
heath
en s,
a
nd thatin theiro
r i
g
i
n
a
l se
ttl
e
m
e
n
ts th
e
yw
o
r
shippe
d
Odin,
Th
o
r
,
Tiw
,
wh
o
se n
a
m
e
sar e
still
pr
e
serv e
d
n
o
t o
nl
yi
n t
h
e
d
a
yso f
th
e
w
e
e
k
,
b
u t
i
n
t
h
e n am
e
so
fn
u
m e
r
o
u
s pl
a
ce
s.
W UO
TAN
,
WODEN,
o
r Odin,
t
h
e
p
r esiding
d
eityo
f
t
h
e
North
e
r
n
n
a
ti
o
n s,
h
as
hi
s
n am e
p
r eserv
ed
in
O
-
d
e
an
,
WOODEN-de
a
n
,
(
OD
IN
s
ho
llo
w
)
,
Wo
o
n s-d
a
l
e
(
O
n 1N
s
-
v
a
l
e
)
;
W EDN
E
s
- bu r
ya
n
d
WAN-boro
u
g
h
(
O
D IN
s
- city)
;
W
nn
x
n
s
-
field
(
O
D IN
s
-
fiel
d
)
;
W
A M
pool
(
O
D
I N
s
- poo
l
)
WAM- broo
k(
O
D IN
s
-br o
o
k
)
WON- sto
n e
(
O
D
IN
s
sto
n
e
)
WANS- ford(
O
D I
N
s
-fo
r
d
)
WANSbe
ck(
O
D
IN
s
r
i
v
u
l
et)
; WAN- stead(
O
D
I
N
s
-
r
e siden ce)
; We n sley-fold(
O
m
N
s
m
ea
d
o
w
-
e
n closu r e)
3
W
aN
s
-
di
k
e O
D
I
N
s
-
d
tch
)
O
D IN
s
-
w
ald
(
ODINS- for est)
;
ODEN- Se(
OD
lN
s
- lake)
T
h
e n am
e
of
hi
s
wife,
FRIGGA,
FREA,
or FREYJA,
occu r sin FREYs- torp,
in FRIDAYthor
p
e
,
a
n
dFRA I
s
thorp
e
(
FRI G G A S- city.
)
W
e are
r
e
m
in
d
e
d
of
THOR by su
ch
p
l
a
ce
sas
THOR-up
a
n
d
T
H
O
R
s
- to
r
p
(
T
H
O
R
s
- city)
T
H
O
R
s
-
d
a
l
an
d T
u
R
s
-
d
a
l
e
(
T
HOR
s
-
v a
l
e
)
TOR- n ess(
THORS
prom on to ry)
THURS-
b
y
,
a
n
d THURSO-
b
y
(
T
H
O
R
s
-
tow
n
)
T
HU
R
D Ys
- to
ft(
TH
OR
s
-
field
)
TOR- bo
l
l
(
T
H
O
R
s
-
dw
e
llin
g)
KirbyTh
o
r
e
(
Chu
r ch
o
f
THOR)
;
THURS-l
e
y
,
a
n
d
THUR-Icy
(
T
H
O
R
s
m
eadow
)
;
T
HORs
-
aa
(
T
H
O I t
s
- str eam)
.
Thor was also
kno
w
n byt
he n am e sofDONAR(
THUNOR)
and
HA
MAR,
whi
ch
o
ccur
sin T
HUND E
R
s
-
fi
e
ld
-
fi
e
ld
)
a
n
di
n
T
HUND
E
Rs
-
l
e
y
i
n
HAMER- to
n an
dHOMER-ton
(
THOR
s
-
tow
n
)
;
HAMER-
t
on
k
i
r
k(
TH
O
R
s
-
to
wn
- Chu r
ch)
HAMERwick(
THO
R
s
-
m
ar sh
)
3
a
n
d
i
n HAMER - stein(
T
H
O
R
s
- ston e)
.
T
he
n
am e ofB
A L
D
EB
,
the so
n
o
fOd
in
,
a
n
d
g
o
d o
fl
i
g
ht,
i
s stillp
re
se
r v
e
d
in
B
aL
D E
R
s
-
l
e
y (
th
e
m
ead
o
w
o
fBALDER)
BA LDERS-dale
(
B
A
LD
E
a
s
-
v
a
l
e
)
BOLDREw
ood
(
B
AL
D
ER
s
-
w
o
od
)
a
n
d
in
BA
LD
E
Rs
h
a
ye
(
BA L
D E
R
s
-
e
n
cl
o
su r e
)
;
th
a
to
f
BRAGE,
t
h
e
g
o
d of
O
rator s,
in BRAG-n ae
s(
BRAGE-n ae s,
t
h
e pro
m
o
n to
ryo fBRAGE)
.
T
h
e
g
od of
w
a
r
a
n
d
o
f
ch
am
p
i
ons
,
T
E
U
,
T
I
W
,
o
r
T
Y
R
,
has h
i
s
n a
m
e con fer redupon TEWEs-ley, and TEW-in g(
t
h
e
m
e
a
d
o
w
o
f
TEW
)
,
and upo
n T
YE
-
h
a
l
la
n
d
T
Y
E
-farm.
-
7/25/2019 The Etymology of Local Names
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A NIMA LS.1 9
LOKapp
earsi
n
LO
X
-
w
oo
d L
o
x
fi
e
l
d
an
din
LO CK-in
g
.
S
E
A
T
O
R a
p
p
e
arsin SATTER-leig
h
,
S
A r r
E
R
-thw
a
ite
,
an
d
i
n
S
A
r rER
-
l
an
d
.
Per
h
a
psl
o
ca
l
n a
m e
sar
e
ind
e
bte
d
t
o
t
h
e
fa
i
r
ym
yt
ho
l
o
gy.
M
AB
,
t
h
e e
lf
q
u
e en
,
o ccu rsinM
AB
s
-
hill
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
e
r
r
yPUCKi
n PUCK - poo
l B
a
y
,
Poo
c
x
-burn e(
P
UC
K
E
-
r
i
d
g
e
)
,
Pooc
x
-
hill
,
an
d
PUC
KE
t
y
e .
G RIM-a,
a
g
host,
h
a
g
,
or
w
i
tch
,
is
foun
d
in
G
RIMSby
,
G
RI
M
s
- bur y,
G
RIMMs
-
h
oo
,
G RIMS-hOW,
an
d
in
G
R
I
M
s
-
di
tch.
Itis the safe st plan,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
i
n tracing
l
ocal
n
a
m
e
st o
the
ir
o
r
i
gin
,
to
r esortt
o su ch am
od
e f
o r th
e
ir
exp
l
an a
ti
o
n
on
l
yw
he
n
w
e
fi
n
d our selv
e su n able to offe r am o
r
e ration al etymol
o
gy
thatis to say
,
o
n
e
i
n harm on yw
ith their n aturalo r historicalass
o
ci
a
tio
n s .
(
B
)
NA
MES o
r ANIMALS.
Th
e n a
m e so f an im alsw
h
i
ch en te r largelyin to geographicaln
om
e
n cla
tu
r
e
n
ee
d
li
ttle
e
xplan
atio
n
;
m ostof them,
being
fam
ili
ar
,
m
a
y
b
e
easilyid
e
n tifiedNATE
,
N
ET
,
(
Sca
n
din
a
v i
an
)
ho
r
n
e
d
cattle3
N
E
A T
(
En
g
lish)
,
o
ccur
sin NATE- 1y
,
NA T
-
l
a
n
d
a
nd
NATE-1
y
Scu res.
Th
e
V
V
I LD BOAR
,
i
n
An
glo
- Sa
xo
n EVER
(
o
f
er
,
ebu r,
e
f
e
r
)
,
is
fo
u
nd
i
n
EVER- Shaw
,
th
e
w
ild boars EVER- ton
,
t
h
e
w
i
l
d boar s townfie
l
d
3
or
e
n c
l
o su r e .EVER- sh
o
t,
E
V ERs
-
h
o
l
t,
the
EVER-le
i
g
h
,
EVER-ley
,
th
e w
ild
w
i
l
d
bo
a
r
swood3
bo
ar
sm eadow.E
V
E
R
s
-
d
on
,
t
he
w
i
ldbeans hill3
EBER,
the
G
er m an
fo
r m
of
thisr oo t,
o ccu r sin
EBERt
e
ln
,
t
h
e
wi
l
d
bo
a
r
s EBERs-be rg
,
the
wild boar sston e
3
EBER- bac
h
,
t
h
e
w
i
l
d boai
s
EBER -ach,
t
h
e
w
ildboar sdwellstream
3
in
g
byth
e str eam .
Th
e
BE
A
R(
B
A
R
,
BARINin
G
er
m a
n
)
n o
d
o
u btwas an in habitan to
f
t
h
e following
p
l
ace sBAR
-
wa
lde
,
t
h
e bear s fo re
st3
BARE
N-w
a
l
d
a
,
th
e
b
e
a
r
s fores t
BAR-
n
t
h
,
t
h
e
bea
r
sr
e
g
i
on
3 byt
h
e
str
e
a
m
3
B
A
R
E
N
- spring
,
t
h
e be
ar
s sprin g3
BAR
EN -ho
r st,
t
h
e be
ar
s thicket.
-
7/25/2019 The Etymology of Local Names
22/66
2
0 ETYMOLOGYOF LOCAL NAMES .
Inthe
fo
llowin g place swe find the n am e of the B
AD
G
ER
(
BROC,
BA
W
,
BA UD,
BA G
,
BA DGE,
i
n
An
glo
- Sa
xo
n
,
a
n
d
D A
CHs
i
n
G
erm a
n
)
B
A
G
~
s
h
o
t
,
B
A
a
b
o
r
o
u
g
h
,
BAD GEN-don,
BAD
GE-w
or th,
BAGIN- thorpe,
BAUGH-hur st,
BAWS- ley
,
BAW-
burgh,
B
A
UD s
-
l
y
,
BROO
K-l
e
y
,
t
h
e
b
ad
g
e
r
sm ead
o
w
;
BROX-bour n e,
str eam .t
h
e ba
d
g
er
s
B
Rox
-
t
o
n
,
B
R
o
c
-
t
on
,
t
h
e
b
a
d
g
er
s town
3
BROOK- thor
p,
t
h
e
badg
e
r
sv illa
ge3
BROOK- ho
le
s,
the bad
g
er
scav es
3
BROCK-les
-
b
y
,
t
h
e
b
a
d
g
er
s
abode of the sprin g ;BROOK-di
sh,
the
ba
d
g
e
'
r
sd tch;
BROC-de
n
,
the
b
a
d
g
e
i
s
h
ollow3
DACH- ste
in
,
the bad
g
e
f
s ston e;
DACHS-ber
g
,
t
h
e
ba
d
g
e
r
s hill.
Th
e BEA VER(
i
n
G
erm
a
n
, BIBER)
,
occur si
n
BEVER-ley
,
t
h
e bea
v
e
r
sm ea
do
w
3
BEVERb
o
rn
,
t
h
e
beaver
s strea
m
;
BIBER-ac
h
,
BIBR-a
,
t
h
e beaver sa
bo
de
o
n the str eam .
Th
e
Du
tch formo
f
t
h
e
r
oo
t BEVERo
ccur
sin
BEVER- en(
in the
pr o
v in
ce o
f East Flander s)
,
a
n
d i
n
BEVER-n
(
in t
h
e
d
u chyofBrun
swick)
,
both sig
nifyin gthe beaver
sr
i
v e
r
isle .
Th
e
BUCK(
BUCCA,
in
A
n
g
lo
-Sa
xon
)
m a
y
b
e
tra
cedin
BUCKEN-ham,
th
e buc
k
s hom e
3
BUCK-den,
t
h
e buck s hollow3
BICKlei
g
h
,
the buck sm ea
d
ow
3
BOCKfield
t
h
e
buc
k
s field
;
B
U
-
c
u
p
,
th
e
bucksho
ll
o
w
3
BUCK-low,
t
h
e buckshi ll3
B
ox
-
h
ur
st,
t
h
e bucks for est3
BUCK-land t
h
e
buc
k
sdi strict3
BICKN-or,
t
he bu cks border:
BUC-kle,
t
h
e bu cks spring
.
T
h
e
l
o
w
G
erm an form is BUCK, the HighG
erm
a
n
, BOCKe .
g
.
,
BOCEN-em
,
BOCC
EN
- heim,
BOCKu
m
,
t
h
e
bac
k s hom e3
BO C-holt,
t
h
e
bu ck sw
oo
d
The
C
OW
(
C
u
,
Cy)
m a
y
b
e
foun
di
n
C
O
W
s
o
le
y
,
COW-ley
,
COW- leaze,
C
UE
R
D
-
le
y
,
t
he
c
o
w
sm
e
a
d
ow
3
KA Y
-land
cow
di
stri
ct3
C
O
-
d
a
le
,
the
co
w
sv a
le
3
C o
s
- grove,
the co
w
sg
rov
e
3
-
7/25/2019 The Etymology of Local Names
23/66
A NIMA LS. 21
C
O
-
ton
,
COW-ton,
the c
ows C
o
- sto
ck,
C ow
-fo
ld
t
he
co
w
stow
n
3
fen ce or en clo
sur e
.
T
h
e OXm ay
be
trace
d
in
O
X
N
-
ea
d
3
O
X
N
-
e
y
,
t
he isl
a
n
d
o
f
th
e
02:
O
X
-
to
n
,
t
h
e town ofthe 0xO
X
- ston e
s,
t
h
e
he
i
g
h
tsofthe
0
x
;
O
x
-
l
e
y
,
t
h
e
m ea
d
o
w
oft
h
e
o
x
;
O
a
-
h
o
pe
,
the
shel
ter
o
f t
h
e
O
X
-ford
t
h
e ford
of
th
e
0x
3
0
x
O
x
-fold the en closur e of the OCHSEN-fur
t,
th
e
fo
r
d
o
f t
h
e
0
x
0
x
OCHSEN-
werde
r
,
t
h
e
i
slan
d
o
f
OCHSEN-
ko
pf,t
h
e
sum m i
t of
t
he
0
x
3
the
or .
Th
e
CALF(
C IELE)
o
ccur
sin
Kelv edon,
the cal
f
s hill3
Calv er -ley
,
t
h
e
c
al
f
sm e adow
.
Th
e HART(
HEO
R
T
)
,
i
n
G e
r
m an HIRSCH,
i
s
fou ndin
HART-
fold the har l
s en closu re ; HART-
burn , the har t
s stream 3HERT-ford HART-ford
t
he
HA RTEN- stei
n
,
t
h
e
h
ar
t
s ston e;
ha
r
t
s ford;
HIRSCH-au,
th
e h
a
r t
sm
eado
w
3
HART-ing
,
t
h
e ha
r
t
sme
adow
3
HIRS
CH- be
r
g
,
t
h
e h
a
r
t
s hill3
HA RT
s
-bath,
t
h
e har t
s ba
th HIRSCHhorn
,
th
e h
a
r
t
sang
l
e
3
i
n
g
place3
HIRSCH-field
the h
a
r
t
s field
Th
e
K
I
D
(
i
n An
g
lo
-Sa
xon T
I
C
,
T
Y
C
H
,
and i
n
G
e
rm an
ZIEGE)
,
appear sin
KID-lan
d TICK-ton
,
t
h
e
k
id
s to
wn
3
KID- sty,
TITCH-m ar sh,
t
h
e k
i
d
sm ar sh3
K
r
D
D
E
R
-
m
in ster,
T
I C
K
EN
h
a
m
,
t
h
e k
id
s hom e3
TICE- hu
r st,
t
h
e
kid
s forest3
ZIE GEN -ha
y
n
,
t
h
e
kid
swood3
T
I
TCH
EN
-
w
or
th,
t
h
e
kid
s farm3
ZIEGEN-ha
ls,
the
kid
s castle3
TITCH-born e,
t
h
e
k
id
s stream3
Z
IEGEN-r u
ck,
t
h
e
k
i
d
sridge.
In STA GS-den andS
T
A
Gs
-ba
thwe see
t
he
n am e of
th
e
STA G3
i
n
DUR-n ess,
DEER-bu r st,
DEA
R
-
h
am
,
D
YE
-
hav e
,
DAR -field
DERE -ha
m
,
we
fi
nd som e form o
f
t
h
e m o
de
rn
wo
r
d
DEER,
witha
m o
r
e
g
en
e
r
a
l sig
n
ification.
Likei
ts G o
thicand G
e
rm
an
co
gn a
te
s,
i
t
d
en oteda
n
y
wil
dan
im
a
l
.
Th
e G
OAT(
G AET)
o ccur sas
a
n e
lem e
n tint
he form ation oft
h
e follow
i
ngn am es
-
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24/66
2
2 ETYMOLOGYOF
LOCAL NAMES.
G
OAD-landG
A
T
-
acre,
t
h
e
oc
s G
E
I
s
-
m ar
3
fiel
d
3
G EISEN -h
e
i
n
3
G
A
T
-fo
r
d
th
e
g
oat
s fo rd
3
G EIS- ing
en
3
G
A
T
-
com be , the goat
sv alley3 YA T-
t
o
n
,
t
h
e
g
o
a
t
s tow
n
.
Th
e
HARE(
Ha
ra
)
is fo
u ndin
HARE-stane
,
t
h
e
h
ar
e
s sto
n
e
3
HAR-bottle;
th
e har e
sd
wel
l .HAR-pole
,
t
h
e h
ar e
s pool3
in
g
3
HAR- com be
,
t
h
e
l
z
a
'
r
e
s
val
le
y.
Th
e
G
er m a
n form
,
HA SE,
is foun din
HAS-
lach, the har e
s lake 3 HASSE -fi
e
ld
t
h
e
h
a
r
e
s field
an
d
HAS- selt,
t
h
e l
z
ar
e
s
seat3
pl
a
i
n
.
H
A
s
s
-fur t,
t
h
e ha
r
e
s ford3
Th
e
HORSEo ccu r sun der the form s HORS,
HEST(
Scan
din
a
vian
)
a
n
d
Ross
e .
g
.
H
O
R
s
-
l
e
y
a
nd ROS-ley
,
t
h
e HEST-holm e,
th
e
ho
r
se
si
slan
d
3
h
o
r se
sm e adow
; HORSE
lease, the ho rse
s m eaHORSEN -do
n
,
t
h
e
h
o
r ses hill3
do
w
3
Ro ss- thwaite,
t
h
e ho
r ses path3
HORSE -ford theho
r
se
s for
d
3
Ho
R
s
~
ham
,
the
h
o
r ses ho
m e
3
Ros
-
he
im
,
th
e
h
o
r
se
s hom
e
3
HEST Fe
ll
,
the
ho
r
se
s r o ck Ros
s- bacht
h
e h
or
se
ss
tr
ea
m
;
or hill3
ROSS-lau,
t
h
e
h
o r
se
sm
ea
d
ow
3
HES-ke t,
the
ho
r sesb u t3
HESTENField theh
o
r
se
sr i
d
ge
.
T
h
e SHEEP(
Seep)
occu r sin
SHIP- Ic
y
,
the sh
ee
p
sm eadow3
SHIP-wash,
t
h
e sh
e
e
p
s fo
r
d
3
SHIP-to
n
,
t
he sh
ee
p
s tou r;
SHIP-lake,
t
h
e sh
ee
p
s str
ea
m
3
SHIP -h
am
,
th
e sheep
s hom e3
The
sam e root is fou ndin SHAr -wickandSHAP-moor
,
S
HEP
P
ER
to
n a
n
d
SHEPP- ey
3
SKIP-to
n
,
SKIP-s
e
a
,
a
nd SCOP -w
i
ck.
Th
e
G
e
rm an form is SCHAF,w
hichis foun din
SCHAF-be
r
g
,
t
he she ep
s hill3
SCHA F- en,
t
he sh
ee
p
si
sl
e
3
S C
H
A
r
-ha
u sen
,
the shee
p
s
hou se SCHAF- stadt,
t
h
e
she
e
p
s pla
ce
.
o
r
d
w
e
llin
g
3
Th
e
En
g
li
sh WETH
ER(
WEDER)
is foundi
n
WETHER-den WETHER-a
l
,
WETHER-
l
e
y
W
E
T
H
E
R
s
-
fi
e
l
d
WEDER-ley
,
c
.
-
7/25/2019 The Etymology of Local Names
25/66
ANIMALS.2
3
T
h
e LAMBin
LAMB- bu rst,
LAMB-to
n
,
LAMBER- hur st,
LAM- brook
,
c
.
W
e
fi
n
d
t
h
e Scandin av ian form sfor Sh
ee
p
(
SAUDE andEA A R,
)
in
SOUTER-fell,
SO
U
D
E
N
-hill,
the SOUTER-g
a
te
,
th
e
sh
e
e
p
s stree
t;
shee
p
s hi
ll3
FAIR-ford the sh
ee
p
s for
d
3
EA
R
-
l
e
i
g
h
,
EARS-ley
,
th
e
FA I R-lei
g
h
,
t
he
sh
ee
p
s m
ea
sheep
sm
ea
d
o
w
3
do
w
3
F A I
R
-
fi
e
l
d
t
h
e sheep
s field3
E
A R
-
a
,
EA
R
-
0 e
,
t
he
sh
e
e
p
s
is
l
and
S
ow
(
S
U
j
U
)
m a
y
be tracedin
SUGle
y
,
t
h
e sowsm eadow3
S
UG
~
g
a
t
e
,
t
he sows street3
S
o
-
ha
m
,
Su
E
Rs
-
h
am
,
t
h
e sow
s SOWER-by
,
t
h
e to
w
n
3
hom e3
SWINEin
SWIM-bu rn,
S
W
Y
N
-bou rn e
,
t
h
e
SCHWEIN-a,
the
swi
n e
sa
bod
e
sw
i
n e
s stream3
byt he str eam3
S
wrN
-
h
o
pe,
the
swin
e
s sh
e
lte
r
3
SCHWEINfu
rt,
t
he swin es ford3
S
w
NE
s
-
c
o
,
S
w
N
E
s
-
co t
,
t
h
e
S
c
H
W
EIN
s
-berg
,
t
he sw
in
e
sh
i
l
.
swin esb ut
3
G
RIS(
Scandina
vi
an
)
w l
d
sw
in e
,
g
i
v
e
sn
am
e
t
o
G
R
IS-d
a
l
e
,
t
he
w
ild
sw
i
n
e
sMun
- GRIS-d
a
l
e
,
t
h
e m
o
n
ks
v
a
l
e
3
w
ild
s
w
i
ne
s vale 3W
e m a
y
trace the WOLFi
n
W
OO
L
V
E
R
-
h
am
p
ton,
t
h
e wo
l
f
s WOOLS-to
n
,
t
h
e
w
o
l
f
s tow
n
3
h
o
m e
- to
w
n
3
lV
OO
L
wi
ch,
t
h
e wol
f
sb ay
3
W
O
O
LV
I
S
-
t
o
n
,
t
h
e wo
l
f
s town3
WOL-an,
t
h
e
w
o
l
f
sm eadow3
WOOL -ho
p
e
,
VV OLF
'
s
-
h
o
pe
,
th
e
WOLF-ac
h
,
t
he
w
o
l
f
sabodewol
f
s sh
elter3
byt he stream3
V
V
OLN
-
e
y
,
t
h
e
w
o
l
f
si sland;
\VOLE -hag
e n
,
t
h
e
w
o
l
f
se n cloV V
O
OLV ER
-
de
n
,
t
h
ewo
l
f
sho
ll
ow
3
sur e;
\
V
OO
L
-
m
e
r
,
th
e
w
o
l
f
slake3
WOLF- ste
i
n
,
the wo
l
f
s ston e3
WO
L
E
-
h
am
- cote,
t
h
e
wol
f
s WOLFEN-buttle,
th
e
wo
l
f
sh
om e
h
u t
3
d
w
e
l
li
n
g
.
WOOLPITt he wolf
sp
it
3
T
he
F
O
X
g
i
v e
sna
m
e
to
F
o
x
-
h
o
l
e
,
F o
x
-hun t,
C
ar
-
F
o
x
,
c
.
3
b
u
t TO
D
,
a
n
o
the r n ame fo
r thisa
nim a
l
,
occu rsin
-
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2
4 ETYMOLOGYO
F LOCAL NAMES.
TOD-be
r
e
,
t
h
e fo
r
e
sto
f
t
h
e
f
o
x
3
TOD-mo
r
-
d
en
,
th
e
m
a
r shyh
o
l
TOD-hu r st3
hollow
oft
h
e
f
o
x
3
TO D-burn,
t
h
e str eam oft
he
f
ox
;
TOD-w
i
ck,
c.
Th
e
d
o
g
, HOUNDor HUND, is foundin
HOU
ND s
-borough,
th
e
h
o
u
nd
s HUNcity3
to
w
n
3
HOUNS
l
o
w
,
t
h
e
h
o
u
n
d
s hill3
HUN-feld the
b
o
u
nd
sfie
l
d
3
HUND-ho lm,
t
h
e
b
o
un
d
s
H
u
N
s
-
ru