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The Environment and Human Health
Chapter 20
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Toxicologists study the harmful effects of substances on organisms?
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Epidemiology is the study of the spread of diseases--Trace disease to find its origin and how to prevent it from spreading.
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1. Estimate the risk2. Look at existing information3. Determine toxicity4. Risk to public
Risk Assessments
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Pathogens are organisms that cause disease.
• TB and Whooping cough are spread through the air
• Cholera is spread in water• Malaria is carried by a
secondary host—a mosquito
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Emerging viruses
• previously unknown• Ex. AIDS, West Nile, H1N1,
Avian flu• Vaccines are main
defense, but viruses are always changing and need a new vaccine for each change.
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WHO’s estimates (World Health Org.)• Estimates the number of days of life lost to
death and disease per person each year.
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Why do people in developing countries suffer greater health impacts?
•Main factor is the role of infectious diseases which are more common in crowded areas with poor sanitation.
•Ex. Tuberculosis and cholera
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Food that is making a difference
• http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=50136247n
• Chocolate can save a life!
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Natural Sources of Pollution• Radon—radioactive gas that seeps
up from granite bedrock; causes cancer
• Particulates—dust, soot, volcanic ash, wildfires; irritate lungs
• Heavy metals—arsenic, lead, mercury; cause nerve damage
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Lead Poisoning
• effects
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Lead Poisoning and Mental Ability Lab
On the back of notes….Plot the data for each group—it is NOT a line or bar graph. You will have a cluster of data points to analyze when finished.
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Human Activities cont.
• A. BURNING FOSSIL FUELS!! • B. Pesticides Ex. DDT• C. Industrial chemicals—exposed
every day at low rates. Ex. New buildings, carpets, cleaning fluids, and furniture
• D. Waste Disposal—much of the pollution is a byproduct of inadequate waste disposal
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Human activities that pollute.
• Little is known (only 10% of commercial chemicals have been tested for toxicity)
• 1000 new chemicals introduced/year
• US Regulations have reduced our exposure—ex., pollution control devices on vehicles and factories
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Antibiotic Resistance• Pathogens evolve resistance to
medicines used to kill them. • Ex. E.coli, salmonella, TB• SuperBugs
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Climate Change/Global Warming are increasing the spread of some diseases.
Why?How is it spread?
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Extreme Heat
• Heat stroke and dehydration
• Increased use of Electricity for air• conditioning
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Extreme Weather Events
• Reduce availability of water, food, services, etc.
• Carbon monoxide poisoning from portable generators, water-borne illnesses, and mental health impacts (ptsd)
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Reduced Air Quality• Increase in Ground Level Ozone
which damages lungs• Warm, stagnant air increases its formation
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Changes in Allergens• Earlier spring pollen season• Spread of Ragweed (an invasive
species)
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Food and Water-borne Diseases• Salmonella and other bacteria
grow faster in warmer climates• Flooding can cause sewage spills
which can contaminate crops and lakes, etc
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Animal Borne Diseases• Higher temps increase the Area for
ticks to spread Lyme disease • West Nile and Malaria spread by
mosquitoes that need standing water for breeding
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Plastic Rap (CS: Ion Flux p.6-7)
• What is BPA and where can it be found?
•Why is it used?
•List at least 3 adverse side effects of BPA.
•Why do big companies dislike the FDA’s study on BPA?
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Avoiding ExposureProduct Safer Alternative
Plastic Baby Bottle
Non-disposable plastic water bottle
Canned food
Canned soft drink
Plastic food container
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Body Burden Test
• Test to determine presence of various toxins in the body
• Planet in Peril (Disc 1, Ch. 12)
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Environmental Racism??
• Are certain ethnic groups at greater risk for environmental health risks?
• Planet in Peril (Disc 2, Ch.11)
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Cancer Cluster (CS: Paintball Gun Control)
• What is a “cancer cluster?”
• What do some believe to • be the cause of the • leukemia in so many • children in Fallon, NV • (List 3 different reasons)
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So What Do We Do?
• BE AWARE—don’t be afraid to ask questions if things don’t seem right.
• BE EDUCATED—read labels, and watch for recalls, etc
• BE NATURAL—anytime you can eat/buy products that are in a natural state vs. processed, it will be better for you!
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Erin Brockovich
• Based on a true story of PG&E Electric and the people of Hinkley, CA.