Download - The Endocrine System
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The The Endocrine Endocrine
SystemSystem
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Major Endocrine
Organs
pineal glandhypothalamuspituitary gland
thyroid glandparathyroid glands
thymus gland
adrenal glands
pancreas
ovaries
testes
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pineal glandhypothalamus
pituitary gland
Endocrine Organs of the Brain
Endocrine Organs of the Brain
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• Secreted directly in CSF to blood
• High levels at night make us sleepy; low level during day
• Pineal gland is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light
• Function in regulating circadian rhythms (sleep, body temp, appetite) biological clock
Pineal GlandPineal GlandProduces melatonin (synthesized from seratonin, a derivative of tryptophan)
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The Pituitary GlandThe Pituitary Gland
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Posterior Pituitary
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Hormones of the Posterior
Pituitary
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
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(+ feedback)loop
oxytocin
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Anterior PituitaryAnterior Pituitary
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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
• Growth Hormone (GH)• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)• Gonadotropins (FSH, LH)• Prolactin (PRL)• Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH)
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Growth Hormone (GH)
• Stimulates protein building• Stimulates cell growth (cell size
and number), especially in muscle and bone.
• Also stimulates fat breakdown.
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GH GH LevelsLevels
awake sleep
strenuous exercise
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hyposecretion of GH
DwarfismDwarfism
Kenadie - worlds smallest girl due to primordial dwarfism
Little People Big World
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hypersecretion of GH
GigantismGigantism
Bao Xishun, a 7ft 8.95in herdsman from Inner Mongolia
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AcromegalAcromegalyy
hypersecretion of GHhypersecretion of GH
7 ft 1 ¼ inches
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Thyroid-Stimulating Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)Hormone (TSH)
• Acts on the thyroid gland, stimulating it to release T3 & T4
• These thyroid hormones increase glucose catabolism and body heat production.
• Regulated via negative feedback
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Adrenocorticotropic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)Hormone (ACTH)
• Acts on the adrenal cortex, stimulating it to secrete glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol).
• Helps make glucose from amino acids and fatty acids
• Regulated via negative feedback
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The Thyroid Gland
The Thyroid Gland
thyroid
trachea
larynx
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Thyroid HormonesThyroid Hormones
• Thyroxine (T4)• Triiodothyronine (T3)Both control metabolic rate and cellular oxidation
• Calcitonin - lowers blood Ca++ levels and causes Ca++ reabsorption in bone
Thyroid gland selectively uptakes iodine to produce T3 & T4
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GoiterGoiterLack of iodine in diethyposecretion of T3 & T4
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hyposecretion of T3 & T4
CretinismCretinism
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MyxedemaMyxedemahyposecretion of T3 & T4
myxedemaAfter thyroid treatment
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ExophthalmoExophthalmos-s-
hyperthyroidism
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Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid Glands
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Parathyroid Hormone Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)(PTH)
PTH release:1) stimulates osteoclasts to reabsorb bone
Hyperparathyroidism- too much Ca++ drawn out of bone; could be due to tumor
Hypoparathyroidism- most often follow parathyroid gland trauma or after removal of thyroid--- tetany, muscle twitches, convulsions; if untreatedrespiratory paralysis and death
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The PancreasThe Pancreas
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Pancreas:
• Regulates glucose uptake by cells
• Controlled via negative feedback:
insulin & glucagon
• Blood sugar level: 90 mg/mL
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Adrenal Adrenal GlandsGlands
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Hormones of the Hormones of the Adrenal MedullaAdrenal Medulla
• Adrenalin (epinephrine): converts glycogen to glucose in liver
• Noradrenalin (norepinephrine): increases blood pressure
(sympathetic nervous system)
• Corticosteroids: glucose levels)
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Hormones of the Hormones of the Adrenal CortexAdrenal Cortex
Glucocorticoids- cortisol1. Decrease protein synthesis2. Increase release and use of fatty acids3. Stimulates the liver to produce glucose from non carb’s
Mineralcorticoids- aldosterone1. Stimulates cells in kidney to reabsorb Na+ from filtrate2. Increases water reabsorption in kidneys3. Increases blood pressure
Sex Steroids- small amts (androgens)1. Onset of puberty2. Sex drive
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Cushing’s Cushing’s SyndromeSyndrome
Hypersecretion of cortisone; may be caused by an ACTH releasing tumor in pituitary
Symptoms: trunkal obesity and moon face, emotional instability
Treatment: removal of adrenal gland and hormone replacement
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Addison’Addison’s s
DiseaseDiseaseHyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids;
Symptoms- wt loss, fatigue, dizziness, changes in mood and personality, low levels of plasma glucose and Na+ levels, high levels of K+
Treatment- corticosteroid replacement therapy
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Located anterior to the heart
Produces- thymopoetin and thymosin helps direct maturation and specialization of T-lymphocytes (immunity)
ThymusThymus
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Ovaries- produce estrogen and progesteroneresponsible for maturation of the reproductive organs and 2ndary sex characteristics in girls at puberty
GonadsGonads
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Female Reproductive System
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Testes- produce sperm and testosterone (initiates maturation of male repro organs and 2ndary sex characteristics in boys at puberty)
GonadsGonads
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INQUIRY1. A disease in which too much T3 and T4
are produced.2. The posterior pituitary produces which
two hormones and what is their function?
3. What is acromegaly?4. What organ does glucagon target?5. The target tissue for lutenizing hormone
is ____.6. Where are epinephrine and
norepinephrine produced?7. If your adrenal cortex produced low
levels of aldosterone, your urine would be _____?
8. What effect does parathyroid hormone have on your bones?