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The Electron Cyclotron Maser
— Relativity in Action
K. R. Chu (朱國瑞)
Department of Physics
National Taiwan University
and
Department of Physics
National Tsing Hua University
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Outline
Overview of vacuum electronics
Principle of the electron cyclotron
maser (ECM)
ECM-based devices (gyrotrons)
- significance and applications
Mode competition
Issues at THz
Summary
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Vacuum Electronics for the Generation
of Coherent Radiation
Microwave tubes: matured in the 1960s
Cornerstones:
Relativistic electronics: 1970s – present
Cornerstones:
1. Magnetron
2. Klystron
3. Traveling Wave Tube (TWT)
1. Free Electron Laser (FEL)
2. Electron Cyclotron Maser (ECM)
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電子流如何產生電磁波-以速調管(klystron)為例
直流電子與電磁波作用: <P>t = <I0E0cosωt>t = 0
交流電子與電磁波作用: <P>t = <I0cosωtE0cosωt>t = ½ I0E0
→ 需要一個「群聚」機制,使電子由直流變交流
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Comparison between Conventional
and Relativistic Electronics
Conventional Relativistic
Microwave Electronics Electronics
Examples Magnetron, Klystron, TWT ECM, FEL
Frequency < 1011 Hz 1010 Hz – X-ray
Power < 106 W 104 W – 1010 W
Electron Energy < 105 V 103 V – 1010 V
Beam Current < 102 A 1 A – 106 A
Basic Circuit equations Maxwell equations
Equations + Fluid equations + Relativistic kinetic eq.
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Outline
Overview of vacuum electronics
Principle of the electron cyclotron
maser (ECM)
ECM-based devices (gyrotrons)
- significance and applications
Mode competition
Issues at THz
Summary
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Physical Conditions Required for the
Generation of Coherent Radiation
1. A mechanism for the RF fields to
bunch a DC electron beam into an
AC electron beam.
2. Synchronism between the bunched
electrons and the RF fields.
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Basic Model of the
Electron Cyclotron Maser (ECM)*
*Discovered independently by:
R. Q. Twiss, classical theory(1958)
A. V. Gaponov, classical theory(1959)
J. Schneider, QM theory(1959)
R. H. Pantell, experiment(1959)
RF structure
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Cyclotron motion
in uniform magnetic field
(independent of particle energy)
(depend on particle energy)
c
c
qBm
qBm
Non-relativistic cyclotron frequency :
Relativistic cyclotron frequency :
2
2
1
1v
c
q F v B
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Electron dynamics in a 37 GHz,
TE01 mode gyrotron oscillator
0B
bunching
Principle of the Electron Cyclotron Maser– a Relativistic Bunching Mechanism
0
c
eBm
gain energy, rotate slower
lose energy, rotate faster
azimuthal
bunching
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A Competing Mechanism– Axial Bunching
magnetic force
Axial bunching due toRFe Bv electric force
Azimuthal bunching due
to RFe E
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year author(s) bunching mechanismattributed to
———————————————————————
1959 Pantell axial
1959 Gaponov axial
1959 Gaponov and Zhelznyakov azimuthal
1964 Bott axial
1964 Hirshfield and Wachtel azimuthal
1965 Bott azimuthal
1966 Schriever and Johnson axial
Early observations of stimulated cyclotron radiation in fast-wave structures
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All experiments worked under the same set
of conditions:
(1) fast-wave structure
(2) DC magnetic field
(3) spiraling electron beam
(4) electron cyclotron resonance
But there were two interpretations for the
observed radiation. Which one was correct?
fast-wave structure
A Physics Issue
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Mechanism Competition
Azimuthal and axial bunching mechanisms, though
simultaneously present, are always in competition such
that one partially offsets the other.
Azimuthal bunching dominates,
if (fast-wave).
Axial bunching dominates,
if (slow-wave)2 2 2zk c
Thus, early observations of stimulated cyclotron
radiation in fast-wave structures could only be
explained by the azimuthal bunching mechanism.
K. R. Chu and J. L. Hirshfield, Phys. of Fluids 21, 461 (1978).
K. R. Chu, Rev. Modern Phys. 76, 489 (2004), Secs. II & IV.
2 2 2zk c
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Outline
Overview of vacuum electronics
Principle of the electron cyclotron
maser (ECM)
ECM-based devices (gyrotrons)
- significance and applications
Mode competition
Issues at THz
Summary
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ECM-Based Devices (Gyrotrons)
B
Magnet
Electron
beamElectron
gun
Magnetic field
Interaction structure
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Types of ECM-Based Devices
Phase control
Broad bandwidth
High-resolution space
radar
High average power
Fusion plasma heating
Industrial processing
Phase control
Narrow bandwidth
Particle acceleration
Space radar
Continuous frequency
tunability
Not yet exploited
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Shape and Dimension Comparison of 30 GHz Traveling-Wave Amplifier Circuits
TE11 mode gyro-TWT
coupled-cavity TWT
helix-TWT
3.7 mm
0.8 mm
6.0 mm
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Significance of the ECM
one photon per excitation,large interaction space
multiple photon per electron,large interaction space
multiple photon per excitation,interaction space~ wavelength
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Current and Potential Applications of
High-Power Millimeter/Submillimeter Waves
materials processing
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NTHU High Frequency Electrodynamics Lab
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Comparison of the NTHU Gyro-TWT with
the state-of-the-art TWT
The NTHU Experimental
Gyrotron Traveling-Wave Amplifier
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Applications of the Gyro-TWT
W-band upgrade of the
Haystack radar (operated
by MIT Lincoln Laboratory)
1. Satellite and orbital debris
radar measurements:
2. Missile and space object
tracking:
Ka-band upgrade of the U. S.
Army Kwajalein Atoll radar
complex (operated by MIT
Lincoln Laboratory)
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Gyroklystron and Applications
94GHz, 100kW Gyroklystron,
Naval Research Laboratory
W-band Advanced Radar for Low Observable Control (WARLOC)
Radar image of cloud from the WARLOC
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The Gyromonotron Oscillator
165 GHz, TE31,17 mode,
2.2 MW coaxial
gyromonotron for
fusion plasma heating
(Piosczyk et al.,2002)
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D-T fusion reaction Nature’s fusion reactor: Sun
Sea water Energy
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Application of the Gyromonotron:
Fusion plasma heating
ITER Tokamak
Participants: EU, USA,
Russia, Japan,
China, Korea
Cost: US$15 Billion
Completion date: 2015
Plasma temp: 108 K
Output power: 500 MW
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ITER Plasma Heating System
R. Vernon et al., in the 16th ANS Meeting on the Technology of Fusion Energy, Madison, Wisconsin, 2004
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Application of the Gyromonotron:
Active Denial Technology
Infrared image of silhouette targets Vehicle-mounted ADT concept
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Application of the Gyromonotron:materials characterization, plasma wave
scattering, and electron spin resonances, etc.
Research Center for Development of Far-Infrared Region
University of Fukui, Japan
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Outline
Overview of vacuum electronics
Principle of the electron cyclotron
maser (ECM)
ECM-based devices (gyrotrons)
- significance and applications
Mode competition
Issues at THz
Summary
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parasitic modes
operating mode
22
0
2
0 z
22
0
final voltage
Mode Competition in the Gyromonotron
―One should find such a
start-up scenario which will
provide the initial excitation
of the desired mode, which,
being excited, will suppress
all parasites.‖
G. S. Nusinovich, IEEE Trans.
Plasma Sci. 27, 313 (1998)
―The desired mode must be excited before unwanted
modes are excited as the gun voltage is raised to its
steady-state value.‖
K. E. Kreischer and R. J. Temkin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 547 (1987).
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Mode Competition in the Gyro-TWT
―Beam perturbations associated with one mode will
appear as deleterious velocity and energy spreads to
another mode of different frequency and field profile.‖
L. R. Barnett et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 1062-1065 (1989)
K. R. Chu,‖ Rev. Modern Phys. 76, 489 (2004), Sec. VI.
TE11
TE21
TE11
TE21
11 21 (TE ) & (TE ) vs out osc inP P P
11TE
11TE
21TE 21TE
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Mode Competition in the Gyro-BWO
―Asymmetry of field
profiles plays a dominant
role in mode competition.
A mode with a favorable
field profile will suppress
another mode with a less
favorable field profile.‖
K. F. Pao et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95,
185101 (2005).
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Z (cm)
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
Linear field profiles
Am
plit
ude (
norm
aliz
ed s
cale
)
l = 1
l = 2
l = 3
most favorablefield profile
least favorablefield profile
-0.4
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
-0.4
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Z (cm)
-0.4
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
Am
plit
ude a
nd e
nerg
y d
epositio
n r
ate
(norm
aliz
ed s
cale
)
l = 1, 1.56 Ist3.4 A
l = 2, 3.69 Ist2.85 A
l = 3, 5.94 Ist2.23 A
Lt=5.0cm L2=1.2cm
r1=0.303cm r2=0.2565cm
L1=0.7cm
f = 32.62 GHz
f = 33.81 GHz
f = 34.69 GHz
effective interactionlength
effective interaction length
effective interaction length
r3=0.23cm
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Mode Competition in the Gyro-BWO
The latest-starting, lowest-order l = 1 mode eventually
dominates.
0
40
80
120
160
Pout (k
W)
0 1 2 3
Time (s)
l = 3
l = 2
(a)
(b)
Fre
quency (
GH
z) 36
35
34
33
32Time (s)
0
1
2
3
l = 1
Particle simulation (Ib = 4.8 A)
0
40
80
120
160
Pout (k
W)
0 1 2 3
Time (s)
l = 3
l = 2
(a)
(b)
Fre
quency (
GH
z) 36
35
34
33
32Time (s)
0
1
2
3
l = 1
Experiment (Ib = 4.88 A)
K. F. Pao, T. H. Chang, C. T. Fan, S. H. Chen, C. F. Yu, and K. R. Chu,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 185101 (2005).
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Outline
Overview of vacuum electronics
Principle of the electron cyclotron
maser (ECM)
ECM-based devices (gyrotrons)
- significance and applications
Mode competition
Issues at THz
Summary
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Issues at THz: Heavy Wall Losses
01TE mode attentuation in copper waveguides
( 1.06 cutoff frequency)f
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
z (cm)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
P
cu= 1.72 10
f = 35 GHz , fc = 33 GHz
f = 1000 GHz , fc = 942.9 GHz
1000 GHz ( = 0.093 mm) f r
35 GHz ( = 2.65 m ) mf r
Higher order modes are preferable.
Higher order modes are unaviodable.
Many applications require a broad tuning range.
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Issues at THz: High B-field
2 ' 2( ) ( )c Lsm mn mns m sH J k r J k r
Up to 40 T is required for fundamental cyclotron
harmonic interaction (s =1)
s>1 harmonic interaction is preferable.
Interaction strength:
Can s>1 modes compete with s =1 mode?
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Beam-Wave Resonance Chart
s = 2
s = 3
waveguide modes
0, 1z z ck v s s
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The Fukui 2nd Harmonic THz Gyrotron~100 W THz wave
CW gyrotron in a
20 T SC magnet
1s
2s
0 4 8 12 16 20
z (mm)
0
2
4
r w (
mm
)
Ib (max): 1 AVb: 30 kV
α: 1.1
Δvz/vz: ~10%
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Particle Simulation of the Fukui Experiment
1,22,2
0,2
1,32,3
0,3
3,3
1,4
4,3
2,4
0,4 3,4
4,4
2,5
0,5
3,5
1,6
4,5
2,6
5,5
3,6
1,7
6,5
6,6
6,7
3,9
6,9
7,108,95,8
4,6
1 A
4 8 12 16 20
B (T)
200
400
600
800
1000
fre
qu
en
cy (
GH
z)
(a)
1s
2s
Multi-mode,
particle-in-cell
simulation
Experiment
=1 AbI
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Ist vs B-Field for the Fukui Experiment(in the range of 16-17 T)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
I st (
A)
16 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17
B (T)
TE79TE35TE16
TE89
TE6,10
TE0,12
TE4,11
TE45
(1)(1)
(1)
(2)(2)
(2)
(2)(2)
Examined next
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Governing mechanism: Nonlinear variation of Hsm
General trend: s =1 mode suppresses s>1 modes.
s = 1 interaction:
Coupling strength (Hsm) almost
unchanged throughout the
interaction.
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Hsm/H
sm
0
5 7 9 11 13 15
z (mm)
(a)
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
Hsm
/Hsm
0
5 7 9 11 13 15
z (mm)
(b) 2s
1s
In the nonlinear regime,
increases for energy-gaining electrons
decreases for energy-losing electro
ns
unfavorable for competiti
on
smH
= 2 interaction :s
Harmonic Mode Competition– governing mechanism and general trend
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0
4
8
12
I b (
A)
0 1 2 3
t (s)
0
4
8
12
16
20
Pout (
kW
)
0 1 2 3
t (s)
TE89
(2)
(1)TE35
(1) (2)35 89TE TE Competition between the and Modes
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
I st (
A)
16 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17
B (T)
TE79TE35TE16
TE89
TE6,10
TE0,12
TE4,11
TE45
(1)(1)
(1)
(2)(2)
(2)
(2)(2)
16.76 T
(2)89
(1)35
The TE mode, though
excited first, is eventually
suppressed by the TE
mode.
Two-mode simulation:
Beam pulse
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1,22,2
0,2
1,32,3
0,3
3,3
1,4
4,3
2,4
0,4 3,4
4,4
2,5
0,5
3,5
1,6
4,5
2,6
5,5
3,6
1,7
6,5
6,6
6,7
3,9
6,9
7,108,95,8
4,6
1 A
4 8 12 16 20
B (T)
200
400
600
800
1000
fre
qu
en
cy (
GH
z)
(a) =1 AbI
1,22,2
0,2
1,32,3
0,3
3,3
1,4
4,3
2,4
0,4 3,4
4,4
2,5
0,5
3,5
1,6
4,5
2,6
5,5
3,6
1,7
6,5
6,6
6,7
4,6
10 A
4 8 12 16 20
B (T)
200
400
600
800
1000
fre
qu
en
cy (
GH
z)
(b)
0,6
=10 AbI
1,22,2
0,2
1,32,3
0,3
3,3
1,4
4,3
2,4
0,4 3,4
4,4
2,5
0,5
3,5
1,6
4,5
2,6
5,5
3,6
1,7
6,5
4,6
15 A
4 8 12 16 20
B (T)
200
400
600
800
1000
fre
qu
en
cy (
GH
z)
(c)
0,6
=15 AbI
Simulated Mode Charts– verification of the governing mechanism and general trend
More and more 2 modes
get suppressed as rises
above of more and more
1 modes.
b
st
s
I
I
s
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Summary
• ECM-based devices provide unique radiation sources in the mm wave regime for a variety of applications.
• They are also intriguing nonlinear systems, understanding of which is key to the realization of the full potential of this class of devices.
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同步輻射研究中心(位於新竹科學園區)
加速環
儲存環
高頻系統
高頻系統
加速環
儲存環
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高頻系統
電源供應器
高頻控制系統
60 kW速調管
冷卻系統
同軸傳輸線
微波循環器
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Engineering and Fabrication of Microwave Tubes
CAD Engineering
Drawing
Precision
MachiningBrazing
Tube
Assembly
Hot
Test
High voltage, high vacuum, high precision, high temperature
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“University Training of Tube Engineers in the US and broad,”
plenary paper presented at IVEC, 2006 by
Dr. G. Caryotakis, Head, Klystron Department, SLAC
46532181097Overall rank
(Highly
subjective)
51051430-5052510How many PhD
degrees last year?
“LOW
LEVEL ”
SomewhatYESYESYESYESNo
Only via
professional
Societies
SOME
INTERACTIONInteraction with
industry?
FEW IN MW
INDUSTRY
Low salariesYESYESYESSOME
Few
industrial
jobs
Research
labs
Thales at Ulm.
But most go
to Solid State
NOAdequate
employment?
SOMEYESYESYESYESYESYESNoYESSOME EXP.
FACILITIES
Practical training
university
facilities?
YESYESYESYESYESYESYES
NO
Graduate
Courses
YES
U of
Karlsruhe
YES
(as part of
plasma
science)
Are Vacuum
Electronics
courses offered?
IsraelRussiaIndiaTaiwanKoreaChinaUKFranceGermanyJapan
University Training in Vacuum Electronics (Europe and Asia)
Survey Results –Countries in Order of Descending GDP
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Thank you