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THE EFFECTS OF SHALE GAS ON RISK PREMIUMAND VOLATILITY IN THE US GAS PRICES
Fernando [email protected]
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro
Petrobras
Fields InstituteFocus Program on Commodities, Energy and Environmental
FinanceToronto, August - 2013
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 1 / 37
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DISCLAIMER
Warning: This presentation does not contain official informations ofPetrobras neither opinions of the board of the Company. All informationscontained here reflects the author’s opinion and should not be taken as anadvice to buy, sell or take positions in financial markets of equities and relatedderivatives, derivatives markets based on commodity futures of any type, andon physical markets of oil, gas and oil products. This presentation should betaken only as an academic purposes an all results and forecasts come from aresearch in progress not related to Company’s activities.
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 2 / 37
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OUTLINE
1 INTRODUCTION
2 BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
3 SCHWARTZ AND SMITH’S MODEL
4 DATA ANALYSIS
5 RESULTS ON IMPLIED RISK PREMIUM
6 VOLATILITY ANALYSIS
7 CONCLUDING REMARKS
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 3 / 37
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INTRODUCTION
MOTIVATION
The change in the US natural gas market was enormous in recentyearsThe expectations on the abundance of shale gas supply and slowUS economic recovery pushed gas prices lower the US$ 4 MMBtu (shale gas = hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling)
Projections of the Energy Information Administration (EIA): priceswill range from US$ 6 MM Btu to US$ 8 MM Btu by 2035 (in termsof 2010 reference price)There are uncertainties regarding shale gas:
(I) reserves and forecast of future production (recoverable volumes to482 trillion cubic feet (US EIA 2012 report )
(II) environmental issues(III) replication of shale gas potential abroad
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 4 / 37
![Page 5: THE EFFECTS OF SHALE GAS ON RISK PREMIUM AND …](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071613/615714347ee08b177102f1a8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
INTRODUCTION
MOTIVATION
The change in the US natural gas market was enormous in recentyearsThe expectations on the abundance of shale gas supply and slowUS economic recovery pushed gas prices lower the US$ 4 MMBtu (shale gas = hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling)Projections of the Energy Information Administration (EIA): priceswill range from US$ 6 MM Btu to US$ 8 MM Btu by 2035 (in termsof 2010 reference price)
There are uncertainties regarding shale gas:(I) reserves and forecast of future production (recoverable volumes to
482 trillion cubic feet (US EIA 2012 report )(II) environmental issues
(III) replication of shale gas potential abroad
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 4 / 37
![Page 6: THE EFFECTS OF SHALE GAS ON RISK PREMIUM AND …](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071613/615714347ee08b177102f1a8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
INTRODUCTION
MOTIVATION
The change in the US natural gas market was enormous in recentyearsThe expectations on the abundance of shale gas supply and slowUS economic recovery pushed gas prices lower the US$ 4 MMBtu (shale gas = hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling)Projections of the Energy Information Administration (EIA): priceswill range from US$ 6 MM Btu to US$ 8 MM Btu by 2035 (in termsof 2010 reference price)There are uncertainties regarding shale gas:
(I) reserves and forecast of future production (recoverable volumes to482 trillion cubic feet (US EIA 2012 report )
(II) environmental issues(III) replication of shale gas potential abroad
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 4 / 37
![Page 7: THE EFFECTS OF SHALE GAS ON RISK PREMIUM AND …](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071613/615714347ee08b177102f1a8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
INTRODUCTION
MOTIVATION
The change in the US natural gas market was enormous in recentyearsThe expectations on the abundance of shale gas supply and slowUS economic recovery pushed gas prices lower the US$ 4 MMBtu (shale gas = hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling)Projections of the Energy Information Administration (EIA): priceswill range from US$ 6 MM Btu to US$ 8 MM Btu by 2035 (in termsof 2010 reference price)There are uncertainties regarding shale gas:
(I) reserves and forecast of future production (recoverable volumes to482 trillion cubic feet (US EIA 2012 report )
(II) environmental issues(III) replication of shale gas potential abroad
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 4 / 37
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INTRODUCTION
MOTIVATION
The change in the US natural gas market was enormous in recentyearsThe expectations on the abundance of shale gas supply and slowUS economic recovery pushed gas prices lower the US$ 4 MMBtu (shale gas = hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling)Projections of the Energy Information Administration (EIA): priceswill range from US$ 6 MM Btu to US$ 8 MM Btu by 2035 (in termsof 2010 reference price)There are uncertainties regarding shale gas:
(I) reserves and forecast of future production (recoverable volumes to482 trillion cubic feet (US EIA 2012 report )
(II) environmental issues
(III) replication of shale gas potential abroad
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 4 / 37
![Page 9: THE EFFECTS OF SHALE GAS ON RISK PREMIUM AND …](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071613/615714347ee08b177102f1a8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
INTRODUCTION
MOTIVATION
The change in the US natural gas market was enormous in recentyearsThe expectations on the abundance of shale gas supply and slowUS economic recovery pushed gas prices lower the US$ 4 MMBtu (shale gas = hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling)Projections of the Energy Information Administration (EIA): priceswill range from US$ 6 MM Btu to US$ 8 MM Btu by 2035 (in termsof 2010 reference price)There are uncertainties regarding shale gas:
(I) reserves and forecast of future production (recoverable volumes to482 trillion cubic feet (US EIA 2012 report )
(II) environmental issues(III) replication of shale gas potential abroad
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 4 / 37
![Page 10: THE EFFECTS OF SHALE GAS ON RISK PREMIUM AND …](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071613/615714347ee08b177102f1a8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
INTRODUCTION
MOTIVATION
The change in the US natural gas market was enormous in recentyearsThe expectations on the abundance of shale gas supply and slowUS economic recovery pushed gas prices lower the US$ 4 MMBtu (shale gas = hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling)Projections of the Energy Information Administration (EIA): priceswill range from US$ 6 MM Btu to US$ 8 MM Btu by 2035 (in termsof 2010 reference price)There are uncertainties regarding shale gas:
(I) reserves and forecast of future production (recoverable volumes to482 trillion cubic feet (US EIA 2012 report )
(II) environmental issues(III) replication of shale gas potential abroad
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 4 / 37
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INTRODUCTION
MOTIVATION
The change in the US natural gas market was enormous in recentyearsThe expectations on the abundance of shale gas supply and slowUS economic recovery pushed gas prices lower the US$ 4 MMBtu (shale gas = hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling)Projections of the Energy Information Administration (EIA): priceswill range from US$ 6 MM Btu to US$ 8 MM Btu by 2035 (in termsof 2010 reference price)There are uncertainties regarding shale gas:
(I) reserves and forecast of future production (recoverable volumes to482 trillion cubic feet (US EIA 2012 report )
(II) environmental issues(III) replication of shale gas potential abroad
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 4 / 37
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INTRODUCTION
OIL AND GAS PRICES
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 5 / 37
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INTRODUCTION
CONSEQUENCES FOR INVESTMENT DECISIONS
Short-term decisionsLNG re-gasification plants
Installation of new pipelinesCompetitiveness of petrochemical industry
Long-term decisionsLong-term supply contractsDevelopment of conventional gas fieldsNew thermal plants
Daily companies activities (volatility of gas prices)Trading and hedging of LGN cargoesManagement of portfolio of trading positions
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 6 / 37
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INTRODUCTION
CONSEQUENCES FOR INVESTMENT DECISIONS
Short-term decisionsLNG re-gasification plantsInstallation of new pipelines
Competitiveness of petrochemical industryLong-term decisions
Long-term supply contractsDevelopment of conventional gas fieldsNew thermal plants
Daily companies activities (volatility of gas prices)Trading and hedging of LGN cargoesManagement of portfolio of trading positions
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 6 / 37
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INTRODUCTION
CONSEQUENCES FOR INVESTMENT DECISIONS
Short-term decisionsLNG re-gasification plantsInstallation of new pipelinesCompetitiveness of petrochemical industry
Long-term decisionsLong-term supply contractsDevelopment of conventional gas fieldsNew thermal plants
Daily companies activities (volatility of gas prices)Trading and hedging of LGN cargoesManagement of portfolio of trading positions
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 6 / 37
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INTRODUCTION
CONSEQUENCES FOR INVESTMENT DECISIONS
Short-term decisionsLNG re-gasification plantsInstallation of new pipelinesCompetitiveness of petrochemical industry
Long-term decisions
Long-term supply contractsDevelopment of conventional gas fieldsNew thermal plants
Daily companies activities (volatility of gas prices)Trading and hedging of LGN cargoesManagement of portfolio of trading positions
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 6 / 37
![Page 17: THE EFFECTS OF SHALE GAS ON RISK PREMIUM AND …](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071613/615714347ee08b177102f1a8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
INTRODUCTION
CONSEQUENCES FOR INVESTMENT DECISIONS
Short-term decisionsLNG re-gasification plantsInstallation of new pipelinesCompetitiveness of petrochemical industry
Long-term decisionsLong-term supply contracts
Development of conventional gas fieldsNew thermal plants
Daily companies activities (volatility of gas prices)Trading and hedging of LGN cargoesManagement of portfolio of trading positions
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 6 / 37
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INTRODUCTION
CONSEQUENCES FOR INVESTMENT DECISIONS
Short-term decisionsLNG re-gasification plantsInstallation of new pipelinesCompetitiveness of petrochemical industry
Long-term decisionsLong-term supply contractsDevelopment of conventional gas fields
New thermal plantsDaily companies activities (volatility of gas prices)
Trading and hedging of LGN cargoesManagement of portfolio of trading positions
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 6 / 37
![Page 19: THE EFFECTS OF SHALE GAS ON RISK PREMIUM AND …](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071613/615714347ee08b177102f1a8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
INTRODUCTION
CONSEQUENCES FOR INVESTMENT DECISIONS
Short-term decisionsLNG re-gasification plantsInstallation of new pipelinesCompetitiveness of petrochemical industry
Long-term decisionsLong-term supply contractsDevelopment of conventional gas fieldsNew thermal plants
Daily companies activities (volatility of gas prices)Trading and hedging of LGN cargoesManagement of portfolio of trading positions
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 6 / 37
![Page 20: THE EFFECTS OF SHALE GAS ON RISK PREMIUM AND …](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071613/615714347ee08b177102f1a8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
INTRODUCTION
CONSEQUENCES FOR INVESTMENT DECISIONS
Short-term decisionsLNG re-gasification plantsInstallation of new pipelinesCompetitiveness of petrochemical industry
Long-term decisionsLong-term supply contractsDevelopment of conventional gas fieldsNew thermal plants
Daily companies activities (volatility of gas prices)
Trading and hedging of LGN cargoesManagement of portfolio of trading positions
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 6 / 37
![Page 21: THE EFFECTS OF SHALE GAS ON RISK PREMIUM AND …](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071613/615714347ee08b177102f1a8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
INTRODUCTION
CONSEQUENCES FOR INVESTMENT DECISIONS
Short-term decisionsLNG re-gasification plantsInstallation of new pipelinesCompetitiveness of petrochemical industry
Long-term decisionsLong-term supply contractsDevelopment of conventional gas fieldsNew thermal plants
Daily companies activities (volatility of gas prices)Trading and hedging of LGN cargoes
Management of portfolio of trading positions
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 6 / 37
![Page 22: THE EFFECTS OF SHALE GAS ON RISK PREMIUM AND …](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071613/615714347ee08b177102f1a8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
INTRODUCTION
CONSEQUENCES FOR INVESTMENT DECISIONS
Short-term decisionsLNG re-gasification plantsInstallation of new pipelinesCompetitiveness of petrochemical industry
Long-term decisionsLong-term supply contractsDevelopment of conventional gas fieldsNew thermal plants
Daily companies activities (volatility of gas prices)Trading and hedging of LGN cargoesManagement of portfolio of trading positions
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 6 / 37
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INTRODUCTION
CONSEQUENCES FOR INVESTMENT DECISIONS
Short-term decisionsLNG re-gasification plantsInstallation of new pipelinesCompetitiveness of petrochemical industry
Long-term decisionsLong-term supply contractsDevelopment of conventional gas fieldsNew thermal plants
Daily companies activities (volatility of gas prices)Trading and hedging of LGN cargoesManagement of portfolio of trading positions
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 6 / 37
![Page 24: THE EFFECTS OF SHALE GAS ON RISK PREMIUM AND …](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071613/615714347ee08b177102f1a8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
INTRODUCTION
CONSEQUENCES FOR INVESTMENT DECISIONS
Short-term decisionsLNG re-gasification plantsInstallation of new pipelinesCompetitiveness of petrochemical industry
Long-term decisionsLong-term supply contractsDevelopment of conventional gas fieldsNew thermal plants
Daily companies activities (volatility of gas prices)Trading and hedging of LGN cargoesManagement of portfolio of trading positions
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 6 / 37
![Page 25: THE EFFECTS OF SHALE GAS ON RISK PREMIUM AND …](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071613/615714347ee08b177102f1a8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
INTRODUCTION
WHAT HAS CHANGED IN THE GAS MARKET?
(I) Risk premium embedded in gas future prices(II) Volatility in the low price regime
(III) Oil and gas prices dependence
(I) Investigating the RP based on the two-factor affine model(Schwartz and Smith’s model)
(II) Modeling volatility through GARCH-class models(III) Adjusting copula function to map oil and gas dependence
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 7 / 37
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INTRODUCTION
WHAT HAS CHANGED IN THE GAS MARKET?
(I) Risk premium embedded in gas future prices(II) Volatility in the low price regime
(III) Oil and gas prices dependence
(I) Investigating the RP based on the two-factor affine model(Schwartz and Smith’s model)
(II) Modeling volatility through GARCH-class models(III) Adjusting copula function to map oil and gas dependence
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 7 / 37
![Page 27: THE EFFECTS OF SHALE GAS ON RISK PREMIUM AND …](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071613/615714347ee08b177102f1a8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
INTRODUCTION
WHAT HAS CHANGED IN THE GAS MARKET?
(I) Risk premium embedded in gas future prices(II) Volatility in the low price regime
(III) Oil and gas prices dependence
(I) Investigating the RP based on the two-factor affine model(Schwartz and Smith’s model)
(II) Modeling volatility through GARCH-class models(III) Adjusting copula function to map oil and gas dependence
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 7 / 37
![Page 28: THE EFFECTS OF SHALE GAS ON RISK PREMIUM AND …](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071613/615714347ee08b177102f1a8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
INTRODUCTION
WHAT HAS CHANGED IN THE GAS MARKET?
(I) Risk premium embedded in gas future prices(II) Volatility in the low price regime
(III) Oil and gas prices dependence
(I) Investigating the RP based on the two-factor affine model(Schwartz and Smith’s model)
(II) Modeling volatility through GARCH-class models
(III) Adjusting copula function to map oil and gas dependence
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 7 / 37
![Page 29: THE EFFECTS OF SHALE GAS ON RISK PREMIUM AND …](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071613/615714347ee08b177102f1a8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
INTRODUCTION
WHAT HAS CHANGED IN THE GAS MARKET?
(I) Risk premium embedded in gas future prices(II) Volatility in the low price regime
(III) Oil and gas prices dependence
(I) Investigating the RP based on the two-factor affine model(Schwartz and Smith’s model)
(II) Modeling volatility through GARCH-class models(III) Adjusting copula function to map oil and gas dependence
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 7 / 37
![Page 30: THE EFFECTS OF SHALE GAS ON RISK PREMIUM AND …](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071613/615714347ee08b177102f1a8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
INTRODUCTION
WHAT HAS CHANGED IN THE GAS MARKET?
(I) Risk premium embedded in gas future prices(II) Volatility in the low price regime
(III) Oil and gas prices dependence
(I) Investigating the RP based on the two-factor affine model(Schwartz and Smith’s model)
(II) Modeling volatility through GARCH-class models(III) Adjusting copula function to map oil and gas dependence
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 7 / 37
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INTRODUCTION
WHAT HAS CHANGED IN THE GAS MARKET?
(I) Risk premium embedded in gas future prices(II) Volatility in the low price regime
(III) Oil and gas prices dependence
(I) Investigating the RP based on the two-factor affine model(Schwartz and Smith’s model)
(II) Modeling volatility through GARCH-class models(III) Adjusting copula function to map oil and gas dependence
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 7 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
RISK PREMIUM
Risk premium definition
RPt ,T = EP (ST |Ft )− Ft ,T
Keynes (1930) postulated the theory of risk premium, inventoryand shape of the term structureRPt ,T is positive when Ft ,T < EP (ST |Ft ) is called normalbackwardationRPt ,T is negative when Ft ,T > EP (ST |Ft ) is called contango
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 8 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
RISK PREMIUM
Risk premium definition
RPt ,T = EP (ST |Ft )− Ft ,T
Keynes (1930) postulated the theory of risk premium, inventoryand shape of the term structureRPt ,T is positive when Ft ,T < EP (ST |Ft ) is called normalbackwardationRPt ,T is negative when Ft ,T > EP (ST |Ft ) is called contango
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 8 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
RISK PREMIUM
Risk premium definition
RPt ,T = EP (ST |Ft )− Ft ,T
Keynes (1930) postulated the theory of risk premium, inventoryand shape of the term structure
RPt ,T is positive when Ft ,T < EP (ST |Ft ) is called normalbackwardationRPt ,T is negative when Ft ,T > EP (ST |Ft ) is called contango
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 8 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
RISK PREMIUM
Risk premium definition
RPt ,T = EP (ST |Ft )− Ft ,T
Keynes (1930) postulated the theory of risk premium, inventoryand shape of the term structureRPt ,T is positive when Ft ,T < EP (ST |Ft ) is called normalbackwardation
RPt ,T is negative when Ft ,T > EP (ST |Ft ) is called contango
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 8 / 37
![Page 36: THE EFFECTS OF SHALE GAS ON RISK PREMIUM AND …](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071613/615714347ee08b177102f1a8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
RISK PREMIUM
Risk premium definition
RPt ,T = EP (ST |Ft )− Ft ,T
Keynes (1930) postulated the theory of risk premium, inventoryand shape of the term structureRPt ,T is positive when Ft ,T < EP (ST |Ft ) is called normalbackwardationRPt ,T is negative when Ft ,T > EP (ST |Ft ) is called contango
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 8 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
RISK PREMIUM
Risk premium definition
RPt ,T = EP (ST |Ft )− Ft ,T
Keynes (1930) postulated the theory of risk premium, inventoryand shape of the term structureRPt ,T is positive when Ft ,T < EP (ST |Ft ) is called normalbackwardationRPt ,T is negative when Ft ,T > EP (ST |Ft ) is called contango
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 8 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
RISK PREMIUM
Risk premium definition
RPt ,T = EP (ST |Ft )− Ft ,T
Keynes (1930) postulated the theory of risk premium, inventoryand shape of the term structureRPt ,T is positive when Ft ,T < EP (ST |Ft ) is called normalbackwardationRPt ,T is negative when Ft ,T > EP (ST |Ft ) is called contango
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 8 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
EMPIRICAL PROCEDURE
Fama and French (1987):Rational expectation, St+1 = EP (St+1|Ft ) + εt+1, is used toconduct regressions on RPt ,T equationST − St is regressed against the difference Ft ,T − St (basis): insignificance case, basis contains information about expectedchange in spot price: Ft ,T has power to forecast ST
Ft ,T − ST is regressed against the basis: in significance case,basis contains information about time-varying risk premium
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 9 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
EMPIRICAL PROCEDURE
Fama and French (1987):Rational expectation, St+1 = EP (St+1|Ft ) + εt+1, is used toconduct regressions on RPt ,T equationST − St is regressed against the difference Ft ,T − St (basis): insignificance case, basis contains information about expectedchange in spot price: Ft ,T has power to forecast ST
Ft ,T − ST is regressed against the basis: in significance case,basis contains information about time-varying risk premium
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 9 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
EMPIRICAL PROCEDURE
Fama and French (1987):Rational expectation, St+1 = EP (St+1|Ft ) + εt+1, is used toconduct regressions on RPt ,T equationST − St is regressed against the difference Ft ,T − St (basis): insignificance case, basis contains information about expectedchange in spot price: Ft ,T has power to forecast ST
Ft ,T − ST is regressed against the basis: in significance case,basis contains information about time-varying risk premium
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 9 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
EMPIRICAL PROCEDURE
Fama and French (1987):Rational expectation, St+1 = EP (St+1|Ft ) + εt+1, is used toconduct regressions on RPt ,T equationST − St is regressed against the difference Ft ,T − St (basis): insignificance case, basis contains information about expectedchange in spot price: Ft ,T has power to forecast ST
Ft ,T − ST is regressed against the basis: in significance case,basis contains information about time-varying risk premium
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 9 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
SOME WORKS ON THE LITERATURE
Fama and French (1987): 21 commodities but none energyDeaves and Krinsky (1992): crude oil
Geman and Ohana (2009): oil and US natural gasMovassagh and Modjtahed (2005): US natural gas (ECMmechanism)Modjtahed and Movassagh (2005): US natural gas (GLS andcointegration)Wei and Zhu (2006): US gas market (SS form and the Kalmanfilter)
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 10 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
SOME WORKS ON THE LITERATURE
Fama and French (1987): 21 commodities but none energyDeaves and Krinsky (1992): crude oilGeman and Ohana (2009): oil and US natural gas
Movassagh and Modjtahed (2005): US natural gas (ECMmechanism)Modjtahed and Movassagh (2005): US natural gas (GLS andcointegration)Wei and Zhu (2006): US gas market (SS form and the Kalmanfilter)
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 10 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
SOME WORKS ON THE LITERATURE
Fama and French (1987): 21 commodities but none energyDeaves and Krinsky (1992): crude oilGeman and Ohana (2009): oil and US natural gasMovassagh and Modjtahed (2005): US natural gas (ECMmechanism)
Modjtahed and Movassagh (2005): US natural gas (GLS andcointegration)Wei and Zhu (2006): US gas market (SS form and the Kalmanfilter)
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 10 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
SOME WORKS ON THE LITERATURE
Fama and French (1987): 21 commodities but none energyDeaves and Krinsky (1992): crude oilGeman and Ohana (2009): oil and US natural gasMovassagh and Modjtahed (2005): US natural gas (ECMmechanism)Modjtahed and Movassagh (2005): US natural gas (GLS andcointegration)
Wei and Zhu (2006): US gas market (SS form and the Kalmanfilter)
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 10 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
SOME WORKS ON THE LITERATURE
Fama and French (1987): 21 commodities but none energyDeaves and Krinsky (1992): crude oilGeman and Ohana (2009): oil and US natural gasMovassagh and Modjtahed (2005): US natural gas (ECMmechanism)Modjtahed and Movassagh (2005): US natural gas (GLS andcointegration)Wei and Zhu (2006): US gas market (SS form and the Kalmanfilter)
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 10 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
SOME WORKS ON THE LITERATURE
Fama and French (1987): 21 commodities but none energyDeaves and Krinsky (1992): crude oilGeman and Ohana (2009): oil and US natural gasMovassagh and Modjtahed (2005): US natural gas (ECMmechanism)Modjtahed and Movassagh (2005): US natural gas (GLS andcointegration)Wei and Zhu (2006): US gas market (SS form and the Kalmanfilter)
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 10 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
SOME WORKS ON THE LITERATURE
Fama and French (1987): 21 commodities but none energyDeaves and Krinsky (1992): crude oilGeman and Ohana (2009): oil and US natural gasMovassagh and Modjtahed (2005): US natural gas (ECMmechanism)Modjtahed and Movassagh (2005): US natural gas (GLS andcointegration)Wei and Zhu (2006): US gas market (SS form and the Kalmanfilter)
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 10 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
HAMILTON AND WU (2013) (FORTHCOMING IN JIMF)
Motivation: whether there is any connection between the volatilityof crude oil and the increased position in commodity-index fundsThey show that if arbitrageurs observe the mean and variance oftheir position on futures, then the hedging pressure fromcommodity producers can give rise to an affine structure on thelog of futures
Using this framework to crude oil futures they found that prior to2005 there was a consistent positive RP. In more recent periodsfinancial investors have become natural counterparties forcommercial hedgersThey claim that the increased of financial agents in oil futurescontracts may change the behavior of RP
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 11 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
HAMILTON AND WU (2013) (FORTHCOMING IN JIMF)
Motivation: whether there is any connection between the volatilityof crude oil and the increased position in commodity-index fundsThey show that if arbitrageurs observe the mean and variance oftheir position on futures, then the hedging pressure fromcommodity producers can give rise to an affine structure on thelog of futuresUsing this framework to crude oil futures they found that prior to2005 there was a consistent positive RP. In more recent periodsfinancial investors have become natural counterparties forcommercial hedgers
They claim that the increased of financial agents in oil futurescontracts may change the behavior of RP
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 11 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
HAMILTON AND WU (2013) (FORTHCOMING IN JIMF)
Motivation: whether there is any connection between the volatilityof crude oil and the increased position in commodity-index fundsThey show that if arbitrageurs observe the mean and variance oftheir position on futures, then the hedging pressure fromcommodity producers can give rise to an affine structure on thelog of futuresUsing this framework to crude oil futures they found that prior to2005 there was a consistent positive RP. In more recent periodsfinancial investors have become natural counterparties forcommercial hedgersThey claim that the increased of financial agents in oil futurescontracts may change the behavior of RP
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 11 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
HAMILTON AND WU (2013) (FORTHCOMING IN JIMF)
Motivation: whether there is any connection between the volatilityof crude oil and the increased position in commodity-index fundsThey show that if arbitrageurs observe the mean and variance oftheir position on futures, then the hedging pressure fromcommodity producers can give rise to an affine structure on thelog of futuresUsing this framework to crude oil futures they found that prior to2005 there was a consistent positive RP. In more recent periodsfinancial investors have become natural counterparties forcommercial hedgersThey claim that the increased of financial agents in oil futurescontracts may change the behavior of RP
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 11 / 37
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BRIEF REVIEW ON LITERATURE
HAMILTON AND WU (2013) (FORTHCOMING IN JIMF)
Motivation: whether there is any connection between the volatilityof crude oil and the increased position in commodity-index fundsThey show that if arbitrageurs observe the mean and variance oftheir position on futures, then the hedging pressure fromcommodity producers can give rise to an affine structure on thelog of futuresUsing this framework to crude oil futures they found that prior to2005 there was a consistent positive RP. In more recent periodsfinancial investors have become natural counterparties forcommercial hedgersThey claim that the increased of financial agents in oil futurescontracts may change the behavior of RP
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 11 / 37
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SCHWARTZ AND SMITH’S MODEL
THE MODEL UNDER Q-MEASURE
ln St = f (t) + χt + ξt
dχt = (−κχt − λχ) dt + σχdB̃χt
dξt = (µξ − λξ) dt + σξdB̃ξt
(I) the term-structure of futures prices is
ln Ft ,Tj = f(Tj)
+ e−κ(Tj−t)χt + ξt + A(Tj − t
)j = 1, . . . ,m,
(II) The term-structure of risk premium is
RPt ,Tj = exp[f(Tj)
+ e−κ(Tj−t)χt + ξt
]×{
exp[B(Tj − t
)]− exp
[A(Tj − t
)]}j = 1, . . . ,m,
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 12 / 37
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SCHWARTZ AND SMITH’S MODEL
THE MODEL UNDER Q-MEASURE
ln St = f (t) + χt + ξt
dχt = (−κχt − λχ) dt + σχdB̃χt
dξt = (µξ − λξ) dt + σξdB̃ξt
(I) the term-structure of futures prices is
ln Ft ,Tj = f(Tj)
+ e−κ(Tj−t)χt + ξt + A(Tj − t
)j = 1, . . . ,m,
(II) The term-structure of risk premium is
RPt ,Tj = exp[f(Tj)
+ e−κ(Tj−t)χt + ξt
]×{
exp[B(Tj − t
)]− exp
[A(Tj − t
)]}j = 1, . . . ,m,
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 12 / 37
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SCHWARTZ AND SMITH’S MODEL
THE MODEL UNDER Q-MEASURE
ln St = f (t) + χt + ξt
dχt = (−κχt − λχ) dt + σχdB̃χt
dξt = (µξ − λξ) dt + σξdB̃ξt
(I) the term-structure of futures prices is
ln Ft ,Tj = f(Tj)
+ e−κ(Tj−t)χt + ξt + A(Tj − t
)j = 1, . . . ,m,
(II) The term-structure of risk premium is
RPt ,Tj = exp[f(Tj)
+ e−κ(Tj−t)χt + ξt
]×{
exp[B(Tj − t
)]− exp
[A(Tj − t
)]}j = 1, . . . ,m,
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 12 / 37
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SCHWARTZ AND SMITH’S MODEL
THE MODEL UNDER Q-MEASURE
ln St = f (t) + χt + ξt
dχt = (−κχt − λχ) dt + σχdB̃χt
dξt = (µξ − λξ) dt + σξdB̃ξt
(I) the term-structure of futures prices is
ln Ft ,Tj = f(Tj)
+ e−κ(Tj−t)χt + ξt + A(Tj − t
)j = 1, . . . ,m,
(II) The term-structure of risk premium is
RPt ,Tj = exp[f(Tj)
+ e−κ(Tj−t)χt + ξt
]×{
exp[B(Tj − t
)]− exp
[A(Tj − t
)]}j = 1, . . . ,m,
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 12 / 37
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SCHWARTZ AND SMITH’S MODEL
THE MODEL UNDER Q-MEASURE
ln St = f (t) + χt + ξt
dχt = (−κχt − λχ) dt + σχdB̃χt
dξt = (µξ − λξ) dt + σξdB̃ξt
(I) the term-structure of futures prices is
ln Ft ,Tj = f(Tj)
+ e−κ(Tj−t)χt + ξt + A(Tj − t
)j = 1, . . . ,m,
(II) The term-structure of risk premium is
RPt ,Tj = exp[f(Tj)
+ e−κ(Tj−t)χt + ξt
]×{
exp[B(Tj − t
)]− exp
[A(Tj − t
)]}j = 1, . . . ,m,
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 12 / 37
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DATA ANALYSIS
CHANGE POINT
We start to look for a change point in agent’s risk perceptionsearching for a structural break on volatilityThe econometric literature to find structural breaks is huge
De Gregorio and Iacus (2008) considered the least square estimationfor a one-dimensional SDE
Xt =
{X0 +
∫ t0 µ (Xu) du +
∫ t0√θ1σ (Xu) dBu 0 ≤ t ≤ τ?
Xτ? +∫ tτ? µ (Xu) du +
∫ t0√θ2σ (Xu) dBu τ? < t ≤ T ,
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 13 / 37
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DATA ANALYSIS
CHANGE POINT
We start to look for a change point in agent’s risk perceptionsearching for a structural break on volatilityThe econometric literature to find structural breaks is huge
De Gregorio and Iacus (2008) considered the least square estimationfor a one-dimensional SDE
Xt =
{X0 +
∫ t0 µ (Xu) du +
∫ t0√θ1σ (Xu) dBu 0 ≤ t ≤ τ?
Xτ? +∫ tτ? µ (Xu) du +
∫ t0√θ2σ (Xu) dBu τ? < t ≤ T ,
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 13 / 37
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DATA ANALYSIS
CHANGE POINT
We start to look for a change point in agent’s risk perceptionsearching for a structural break on volatilityThe econometric literature to find structural breaks is huge
De Gregorio and Iacus (2008) considered the least square estimationfor a one-dimensional SDE
Xt =
{X0 +
∫ t0 µ (Xu) du +
∫ t0√θ1σ (Xu) dBu 0 ≤ t ≤ τ?
Xτ? +∫ tτ? µ (Xu) du +
∫ t0√θ2σ (Xu) dBu τ? < t ≤ T ,
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 13 / 37
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DATA ANALYSIS
CHANGE POINT
We start to look for a change point in agent’s risk perceptionsearching for a structural break on volatilityThe econometric literature to find structural breaks is huge
De Gregorio and Iacus (2008) considered the least square estimationfor a one-dimensional SDE
Xt =
{X0 +
∫ t0 µ (Xu) du +
∫ t0√θ1σ (Xu) dBu 0 ≤ t ≤ τ?
Xτ? +∫ tτ? µ (Xu) du +
∫ t0√θ2σ (Xu) dBu τ? < t ≤ T ,
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 13 / 37
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DATA ANALYSIS
CHANGE POINT
We start to look for a change point in agent’s risk perceptionsearching for a structural break on volatilityThe econometric literature to find structural breaks is huge
De Gregorio and Iacus (2008) considered the least square estimationfor a one-dimensional SDE
Xt =
{X0 +
∫ t0 µ (Xu) du +
∫ t0√θ1σ (Xu) dBu 0 ≤ t ≤ τ?
Xτ? +∫ tτ? µ (Xu) du +
∫ t0√θ2σ (Xu) dBu τ? < t ≤ T ,
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 13 / 37
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DATA ANALYSIS
CHANGE POINT
Let’s consider:the partition: 0 = t0 < t1 . . . tn = T , with ti = i∆n
In a high frequency scheme: n→∞, ∆n → 0, with n∆n = TThe solution of the problem is an adaptation of the least squaresapproach of Bai (1994) for AR models. Following Euler schemethe std residuals are
Zi =Xi+1 − Xi − b (Xi) ∆n√
∆nσ (Xi), i = 1, . . . ,n
Defining k0 = [nτ?] and k = [nτ ] where τ, τ? ∈ (0,1) and [x ] is theinteger part of real value of xThe least square estimator of the change point is given by
k̂0 = arg mink
(k∑
i=1
(Z 2
i − θ̄1
)2+∑(
Z 2i − θ̄2
)2)
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 14 / 37
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DATA ANALYSIS
CHANGE POINT
where
θ̄1 =1k
k∑i=1
Z 2i and θ̄2 =
1n − k
n∑i=k+1
Z 2i
Once k̂0 is obtained we get
θ̂1 =1k̂0
k̂0∑i=1
Z 2i and θ̂2 =
1n − k̂0
n∑i=k̂0+1
Z 2i
Under the technical conditions θ̂1 and θ̂2 are√
n-consistent suchthat
√n(θ̂1 − θ1
θ̂2 − θ2
)d−→ N (0,Σ) where Σ =
(2 θ2
0τ? 0
0 2 θ20
1−τ?
)
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 15 / 37
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DATA ANALYSIS
CHANGE POINT
The results above hold in high frequency ∆n → 0, n→∞ andn∆ = TThe drift estimator b (·) is estimated in a non-parametric wayLet K ≥ 0 be a kernel function and hn the bandwidth, then
b̂ (x) =
∑ni=1 K
(Xi−x
hn
)Xi+1−Xi
∆n∑ni=1 K
(Xi−x
hn
)
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 16 / 37
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DATA ANALYSIS
CHANGE POINT
Time
US
$/ba
rrel
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
2040
6080
100
140
1 7 2010
24
68
1012
14
US
$/M
M B
tu
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 17 / 37
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DATA ANALYSIS
CHANGE POINT
Two events happened by July 2008:(I) The EIA announced that the production in first quarter exceeded
by 9% that of the precedent year
(II) A highly publicized study was released by American Clean SkiesFoundation quantifying for the first time the impact of theunconventional supply growth
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 18 / 37
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DATA ANALYSIS
CHANGE POINT
Two events happened by July 2008:(I) The EIA announced that the production in first quarter exceeded
by 9% that of the precedent year(II) A highly publicized study was released by American Clean Skies
Foundation quantifying for the first time the impact of theunconventional supply growth
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 18 / 37
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DATA ANALYSIS
CHANGE POINT
Two events happened by July 2008:(I) The EIA announced that the production in first quarter exceeded
by 9% that of the precedent year(II) A highly publicized study was released by American Clean Skies
Foundation quantifying for the first time the impact of theunconventional supply growth
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 18 / 37
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DATA ANALYSIS
CHANGE POINT
Two events happened by July 2008:(I) The EIA announced that the production in first quarter exceeded
by 9% that of the precedent year(II) A highly publicized study was released by American Clean Skies
Foundation quantifying for the first time the impact of theunconventional supply growth
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 18 / 37
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DATA ANALYSIS
CHANGE POINT
Time
US
$/ba
rrel
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
2040
6080
100
140
1 7 201012 27 2006
24
68
1012
14
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 19 / 37
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DATA ANALYSIS
IMPLIED-RISK PREMIUM
Considering liquid contracts we chose 7 future series traded onNYMEX from 03/26/1997 to 10/03/2012Calibration of the two periods using the KF and the maximizationof likelihood
TABLE : Implied risk premium (US$/MM Btu)
F1 F5 F10 F15 F20 F25 F30
First period 0.1974 1.4522 3.1054 4.1002 5.1993 6.9243 7.2030
Second period -0.0050 -0.0438 -0.1017 -0.1567 -0.2143 -0.2966 -0.3400
TABLE : Relation RP to spot price
F1 F5 F10 F15 F20 F25 F30
First period 0.0428 0.3192 0.6896 0.9157 1.1641 1.5521 1.6156
Second period -0.0014 -0.0119 -0.0279 -0.0432 -0.0592 -0.0821 -0.0942
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 20 / 37
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RESULTS ON IMPLIED RISK PREMIUM
COMMENTS AND RESULTS ON IMPLIED RP
The first period Jan-97 to Dec-06 is in normal backwardation(producers hedge: go short)The second period Jan-10 to Nov-12 is in contango (consumershedge: go long)
The relative magnitude also decreased when compared bothperiodsWhen we rerun the calibration using the period Jan-97 to Jun-04we also found normal backwardation the same result as inModjtahedi and Movassagh (2005) and also time-varyingAgain we rerun considering the first period Jan-97 to Aug-03 wefound RPt,T
St= 0.028 for the 1st contract and Wei and Zhu (2006)
found 0.065Hamilton and Wu (2013) found similar results for crude oil: normalbackwardation before 2005. In common is the affine andGaussian model on log of futures prices
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 21 / 37
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RESULTS ON IMPLIED RISK PREMIUM
COMMENTS AND RESULTS ON IMPLIED RP
The first period Jan-97 to Dec-06 is in normal backwardation(producers hedge: go short)The second period Jan-10 to Nov-12 is in contango (consumershedge: go long)The relative magnitude also decreased when compared bothperiods
When we rerun the calibration using the period Jan-97 to Jun-04we also found normal backwardation the same result as inModjtahedi and Movassagh (2005) and also time-varyingAgain we rerun considering the first period Jan-97 to Aug-03 wefound RPt,T
St= 0.028 for the 1st contract and Wei and Zhu (2006)
found 0.065Hamilton and Wu (2013) found similar results for crude oil: normalbackwardation before 2005. In common is the affine andGaussian model on log of futures prices
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 21 / 37
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RESULTS ON IMPLIED RISK PREMIUM
COMMENTS AND RESULTS ON IMPLIED RP
The first period Jan-97 to Dec-06 is in normal backwardation(producers hedge: go short)The second period Jan-10 to Nov-12 is in contango (consumershedge: go long)The relative magnitude also decreased when compared bothperiodsWhen we rerun the calibration using the period Jan-97 to Jun-04we also found normal backwardation the same result as inModjtahedi and Movassagh (2005) and also time-varying
Again we rerun considering the first period Jan-97 to Aug-03 wefound RPt,T
St= 0.028 for the 1st contract and Wei and Zhu (2006)
found 0.065Hamilton and Wu (2013) found similar results for crude oil: normalbackwardation before 2005. In common is the affine andGaussian model on log of futures prices
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 21 / 37
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RESULTS ON IMPLIED RISK PREMIUM
COMMENTS AND RESULTS ON IMPLIED RP
The first period Jan-97 to Dec-06 is in normal backwardation(producers hedge: go short)The second period Jan-10 to Nov-12 is in contango (consumershedge: go long)The relative magnitude also decreased when compared bothperiodsWhen we rerun the calibration using the period Jan-97 to Jun-04we also found normal backwardation the same result as inModjtahedi and Movassagh (2005) and also time-varyingAgain we rerun considering the first period Jan-97 to Aug-03 wefound RPt,T
St= 0.028 for the 1st contract and Wei and Zhu (2006)
found 0.065
Hamilton and Wu (2013) found similar results for crude oil: normalbackwardation before 2005. In common is the affine andGaussian model on log of futures prices
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 21 / 37
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RESULTS ON IMPLIED RISK PREMIUM
COMMENTS AND RESULTS ON IMPLIED RP
The first period Jan-97 to Dec-06 is in normal backwardation(producers hedge: go short)The second period Jan-10 to Nov-12 is in contango (consumershedge: go long)The relative magnitude also decreased when compared bothperiodsWhen we rerun the calibration using the period Jan-97 to Jun-04we also found normal backwardation the same result as inModjtahedi and Movassagh (2005) and also time-varyingAgain we rerun considering the first period Jan-97 to Aug-03 wefound RPt,T
St= 0.028 for the 1st contract and Wei and Zhu (2006)
found 0.065Hamilton and Wu (2013) found similar results for crude oil: normalbackwardation before 2005. In common is the affine andGaussian model on log of futures prices
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 21 / 37
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RESULTS ON IMPLIED RISK PREMIUM
COMMENTS AND RESULTS ON IMPLIED RP
The first period Jan-97 to Dec-06 is in normal backwardation(producers hedge: go short)The second period Jan-10 to Nov-12 is in contango (consumershedge: go long)The relative magnitude also decreased when compared bothperiodsWhen we rerun the calibration using the period Jan-97 to Jun-04we also found normal backwardation the same result as inModjtahedi and Movassagh (2005) and also time-varyingAgain we rerun considering the first period Jan-97 to Aug-03 wefound RPt,T
St= 0.028 for the 1st contract and Wei and Zhu (2006)
found 0.065Hamilton and Wu (2013) found similar results for crude oil: normalbackwardation before 2005. In common is the affine andGaussian model on log of futures prices
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 21 / 37
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RESULTS ON IMPLIED RISK PREMIUM
COMMENTS AND RESULTS ON IMPLIED RP
The first period Jan-97 to Dec-06 is in normal backwardation(producers hedge: go short)The second period Jan-10 to Nov-12 is in contango (consumershedge: go long)The relative magnitude also decreased when compared bothperiodsWhen we rerun the calibration using the period Jan-97 to Jun-04we also found normal backwardation the same result as inModjtahedi and Movassagh (2005) and also time-varyingAgain we rerun considering the first period Jan-97 to Aug-03 wefound RPt,T
St= 0.028 for the 1st contract and Wei and Zhu (2006)
found 0.065Hamilton and Wu (2013) found similar results for crude oil: normalbackwardation before 2005. In common is the affine andGaussian model on log of futures prices
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 21 / 37
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VOLATILITY ANALYSIS
MODELS SET UP
The ARMA (r,s) for the unseasoned conditional mean zt is given by
Φ (L) zt = Θ (L) εt zt = yt −4∑
i=1
SiDi
Φ (L) = 1− . . .− φr Lr , Θ (L) = 1 + . . .+ θsLs
The GARCH(p,q) for conditional variance σ2t is given by
σ2t = ω + α (L) ε2t + β (L)σ2
t
ω > 0, α (L) = α1L + . . .+ αqLq, β (L) = β1L + . . .+ βpLp
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VOLATILITY ANALYSIS
MODELS SET UP
The FIAPARCH(p,d,q) for σt is written as
σδt = ω [1− β (L)]−1 +[1− [1− β (L)]−1 ϕ (L) (1− L)d
](|εt | − γεt )δ
δ > 0, 0 ≤ d ≤ 1, ϕ (L) = 1− α (L)− β (L)
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VOLATILITY ANALYSIS
ACF - LONG MEMORY
0 20 40 60 80 100
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
sq returns (Jan95 to Dec06)
Lag
AC
F
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VOLATILITY ANALYSIS
ESTIMATION RESULTS
TABLE : Main results of the estimation
Parameter First period Second periodValue p-value Value p-value
d 0.39500 0.0000 0.30331 0.0395γ -0.24830 0.0011 0.76682 0.3012δ 1.87100 0.0000 1.59497 0.0019
σ̄fiaparch 57.92 – 42.52 –σ̄fiaparchJun04 58.01 – – –
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 25 / 37
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VOLATILITY ANALYSIS
CONDITIONAL VOL - 1ST PERIOD
Conditional Volatility
time
vola
tility
(%
yea
r)
1996−01−01 2000−01−01 2004−01−01
5010
015
0
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 26 / 37
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VOLATILITY ANALYSIS
CONDITIONAL VOL - 2ND PERIOD
Conditional volatility
time
Vol
atili
ty (
% y
ear)
2010−07−01 2011−07−01 2012−07−01
2030
4050
60
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VOLATILITY ANALYSIS
VOLATILITIES
Volatility (% year) First period Second periodσ̄fiaparch 57.92 42.52σhistorical 62.41 43.31σchpoint 59.07 46.09
Analysis of implied volatility
Regime switching Garch models
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 28 / 37
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VOLATILITY ANALYSIS
VOLATILITIES
Volatility (% year) First period Second periodσ̄fiaparch 57.92 42.52σhistorical 62.41 43.31σchpoint 59.07 46.09
Analysis of implied volatilityRegime switching Garch models
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VOLATILITY ANALYSIS
VOLATILITIES
Volatility (% year) First period Second periodσ̄fiaparch 57.92 42.52σhistorical 62.41 43.31σchpoint 59.07 46.09
Analysis of implied volatilityRegime switching Garch models
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VOLATILITY ANALYSIS
VOLATILITIES
Volatility (% year) First period Second periodσ̄fiaparch 57.92 42.52σhistorical 62.41 43.31σchpoint 59.07 46.09
Analysis of implied volatilityRegime switching Garch models
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONCLUSION
The results obtained with Schwartz and Smith’s model for the RPare in accordance with those in empirical research for the periodbefore the low price regimeUsing a Gaussian model it is easy to obtain insights on the natureof RPs involved in futures prices. More complex models to capturethe spiky nature of prices of natural gas will impose timeconsuming techniques on the estimation (Cartea and Williams(2007))
A decrease on persistence was found for the low price regimeThe asymmetric effect of shocks is not significant for the low priceregime and is negative on the first periodThe mean value of the conditional vol is lower in low price regime
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 29 / 37
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONCLUSION
The results obtained with Schwartz and Smith’s model for the RPare in accordance with those in empirical research for the periodbefore the low price regimeUsing a Gaussian model it is easy to obtain insights on the natureof RPs involved in futures prices. More complex models to capturethe spiky nature of prices of natural gas will impose timeconsuming techniques on the estimation (Cartea and Williams(2007))A decrease on persistence was found for the low price regime
The asymmetric effect of shocks is not significant for the low priceregime and is negative on the first periodThe mean value of the conditional vol is lower in low price regime
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 29 / 37
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONCLUSION
The results obtained with Schwartz and Smith’s model for the RPare in accordance with those in empirical research for the periodbefore the low price regimeUsing a Gaussian model it is easy to obtain insights on the natureof RPs involved in futures prices. More complex models to capturethe spiky nature of prices of natural gas will impose timeconsuming techniques on the estimation (Cartea and Williams(2007))A decrease on persistence was found for the low price regimeThe asymmetric effect of shocks is not significant for the low priceregime and is negative on the first period
The mean value of the conditional vol is lower in low price regime
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 29 / 37
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONCLUSION
The results obtained with Schwartz and Smith’s model for the RPare in accordance with those in empirical research for the periodbefore the low price regimeUsing a Gaussian model it is easy to obtain insights on the natureof RPs involved in futures prices. More complex models to capturethe spiky nature of prices of natural gas will impose timeconsuming techniques on the estimation (Cartea and Williams(2007))A decrease on persistence was found for the low price regimeThe asymmetric effect of shocks is not significant for the low priceregime and is negative on the first periodThe mean value of the conditional vol is lower in low price regime
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 29 / 37
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONCLUSION
The results obtained with Schwartz and Smith’s model for the RPare in accordance with those in empirical research for the periodbefore the low price regimeUsing a Gaussian model it is easy to obtain insights on the natureof RPs involved in futures prices. More complex models to capturethe spiky nature of prices of natural gas will impose timeconsuming techniques on the estimation (Cartea and Williams(2007))A decrease on persistence was found for the low price regimeThe asymmetric effect of shocks is not significant for the low priceregime and is negative on the first periodThe mean value of the conditional vol is lower in low price regime
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 29 / 37
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONCLUSION
The results obtained with Schwartz and Smith’s model for the RPare in accordance with those in empirical research for the periodbefore the low price regimeUsing a Gaussian model it is easy to obtain insights on the natureof RPs involved in futures prices. More complex models to capturethe spiky nature of prices of natural gas will impose timeconsuming techniques on the estimation (Cartea and Williams(2007))A decrease on persistence was found for the low price regimeThe asymmetric effect of shocks is not significant for the low priceregime and is negative on the first periodThe mean value of the conditional vol is lower in low price regime
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 29 / 37
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
ACF - LONG MEMORY
0 20 40 60 80 100
−0.
050.
000.
050.
10
sq returns (Jan10 to May13)
Lag
AC
F
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 30 / 37
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
ESTIMATION RESULTS
TABLE : Estimation results for both periods
first period second periodParameter MLE value Std error MLE value Std errorκ 1.5324??? 0.0180 1.2170??? 0.0213σχ 0.6123??? 0.0113 0.3502??? 0.0149µξ 0.1682??? 0.0476 −0.1086 0.0796σξ 0.1490??? 0.0044 0.1460??? 0.0065ρ 0.1826??? 0.0405 0.4327??? 0.0464λχ 0.6885??? 0.0337 −0.0068 0.0160µ?ξ −0.0555??? 0.0011 0.0291??? 0.0016α1 0.0714??? 0.0004 0.0412??? 0.0004β1 0.0291??? 0.0009 0.0001 0.0015α2 0.0283??? 0.0004 0.0200??? 0.0004β2 −0.0028?? 0.0011 0.0039??? 0.0014Note: asterisks ?, ??, ??? denote 10%, 5% and 1% significance level, respectively.
F. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 31 / 37
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
RP IN THE FIRST PERIOD
FIGURE : Implied risk premium (mean values) for each contractF. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 32 / 37
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
RP IN THE SECOND PERIOD
FIGURE : Implied risk premium (mean values) for each contractF. AIUBE (PUC - PETROBRAS) SHALE GAS EFFECTS FIELDS INSTITUTE 33 / 37
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
STUDIES USING SCHWARTZ AND SMITH’S MODEL
Manoliu and Tompaidis (2002) analyzed US natural gas marketSørensen (2002) studied the seasonality in agriculturalcommoditiesLucia and Schwartz (2002) and Villaplana (2004) analyzed theelectricity marketsBernard, Khalaf, Kichian and McMahon (2008) investigated oilprices focusing on the forecasting out-of-sampleAiube, Baidya e Tito (2008) extended the model including jumps inthe specificationKolos and Ronn (2008) studied the market price of riskCartea and Williams (2007) investigated the market price of risk inUK natural gas market
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
SCHWARTZ AND SMITH’S MODEL UNDER P-MEASURE
ln (St ) = f (t) + χt + ξt
dχt = −κχtdt + σχdBχt
dξt = µξdt + σξdBξt
f (t) = α1cos [2π (t + β1)] + α2cos [4π (t + β2)] .
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
ESTIMATION RESULTS
Parameter First period Second periodValue p-value Value p-value
S1 -0.00002 0.9871 -0.00273 0.0905S2 0.00151 0.0774 0.001263 0.5211S3 -0.00071 0.5714 -0.00269 0.0863S4 0.00147 0.3786 -0.00036 0.8513ω 0.001753 0.1493 0.002695 0.5613d 0.39500 0.0000 0.30331 0.0395α 0.20268 0.0843 0.3550 0.0252β 0.52606 0.011 0.69131 0.0000γ -0.24830 0.0011 0.76682 0.3012δ 1.87100 0.0000 1.59497 0.0019ν 5.71661 0.0000 11.84982 0.0098σ̄ 57.92 – 42.52 –
σ̄Jun04 58.01 – – –
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
LONG MEMORY
(1− L)d =∞∑
j=0
ϑjLj =∞∑
j=0
(dj
)(−L)j .
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