Download - The Dirty 30s
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The Worst Hard Time
Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at CSU East Bay
Kevin P. Dincherwww.kevindincher.com
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Louisiana Swing (1954)• Bud Hobbs
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Oklahoma!
1930: Green Grow the Lilacs• Rollie Lynn Riggs (1899 – 1954)• Claremore, OK Territory (1906)
1943: Broadway Musical• Rogers and Hammerstein
1955: Film• Shirley Jones• Gordon MacRae
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The Worst Hard Time
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California
America’s Self-image Manifest Destiny
Progressive Era Gilded Age Conservation/
Environmentalism
Dust Bowl
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The Dust Bowl
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The Great Plains
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The American Prairie
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The Dirty 30s
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The Newsreel
Hearst Metrotone News (1914–1967)
Pathé News (1910–1956) RKO Radio Pictures (1931 to 1947) Warner Brothers (1947 to 1956)
Paramount News (1927–1957)
Fox Movietone News (1928–1963)
Universal Newsreel (1929–1967
The March of Time (1935–1951)
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1935 – 1943: Works Progress Administration (WPA)
(1939: Work Projects Administration)
Goal Provide one paid job for all families in which the
breadwinner suffered long-term unemployment.
Cost 1938: $1.4 billion Total: $13.4 billion
Jobs Provided 1938: 3.3 million employees Total: Employed almost 8 million people
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Hoover DamConstructed: 1931 – 1936
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Golden Gate BridgeConstructed: 1933 – 1937
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San Francisco-Oakland Bay BridgeConstructed: 1933 – 1936
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CA Highway 1Completed: 1937
Bixby Canyon Bridge 1932
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Coit Tower1933
Murals were done under the auspices of the Public Works of Art Project
The first of the New Deal federal employment programs for artists
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Cradle Will Rock: 1999 Tim Robbins film: chronicles the process and events that surrounded the production of the original 1937 musical The Cradle Will Rock written by Marc Blitzstein and financed by the WPA Federal Theater Project
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Tex Ritter
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1935 – 1936: Resettlement Administration (RA)
1937 – 1945: Farm Security Administration (FSA)
Goal: Move 650,000 people from
100 million acres
Objections: Socialistic Tenant Farmers
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1935 – 1936: Resettlement Administration (RA)
1937 – 1945: Farm Security Administration (FSA)
Results: Few thousand moved from 9,000,000 acres
200 Greenbelt communities/cities
Relief camps for about 75,000 migrant workers in California
Film, photography and folk song projects
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Resettlement Administration (RA) Folk Songs Project
Sidney Robertson Cowell (1903 – 1995) 1936 – 1957: collected music More than 100 hours of songs
Archive of Folk Culture, Library of Congress
WPA Northern CA Music Project: The first large-scale effort to collect ethnic recordings in
a region. Oct. 28, 1938: Officially opened on at 2108 Shattuck
Avenue in Berkeley. 1940: shut down when funding was not renewed.
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Resettlement Administration (RA) Film Project
The Plow that Broke the Plains (1936) The River (1938)
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Resettlement Administration (RA) Photography Project
Dorothea Lange (1895 – 1965) Walker Evans (1903 – 1975) Arthur Rothstein (1915 – 1985)
The Dust Bowl Through the Lens: How Photography Revealed and Helped Remedy a National Disaster (Martin W. Sandler)
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Dorothea Lange (1895 – 1965) Columbia UniversityApprenticed under
Clarence White Arnold Genthe
1918: San FranciscoGreat Depression
Resettlement Administration (RA)
Farm Security Administration (FSA)
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Migrant Mother, 1936Florence Owens Thompson
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Daughter of Migrant Tennessee Coal Miner
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Mississippi Delta Children
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Children in San Francisco pledge allegiance to the American flag in April 1942
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Japanese-owned grocery store in Oakland, CA on March 30, 1942, two days before internment notices appeared.
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The Enemy (1942)
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The federal government suppressed most of the photographs she was hired to take during WWII.
97% of the images she took during the Japanese internment in California were never published.
Tagged Girl (1942)
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Walker Evans (1903 – 1975)
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Allie Mae Burroughs
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Arthur Rothstein (1915 – 1985)
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John Frederick of Grant County, North Dakota, shows how high his wheat would grow if there were no drought, (1936)
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Drought refugees from South Dakota. (Montana, 1936)
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Nursery school, FSA camp, Harlingen, Texas. Member of mother's committee watches (1942)
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Fruit tramps from California who have come to the Yakima Valley (Washington) for apple thinning. (1936)
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Oregon or bust. Leaving South Dakota for a new start in the Pacific Northwest (1936)
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Annie Pettway Bendolph
Gee's Bend, Alabama (1937)
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The Face of the Depression
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1933
2 million African Americans on “relief”•17.8% of African Americans•Compared to 5.9% of White Americans
1935
3.5 million African Americans on “relief” – 250,000 more with WPA jobs•35% of African Americans
193845% of African Americans were on “relief” or held WPA jobs
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The Face of the Depression
WPA’s Federal Writers Project Ralph Ellison (novelist/essayist) Margaret Walker (poet) Zora Neale Hurston
(novelist/folklorist/anthropologist) Richard Nathaniel Wright (novelist)
WPA’s Federal Art Project William Henry Johnson Charles White
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The Dirty 30s
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John Steinbeck (1902 – 1968)
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Okie Migration: 1930s
Not everyone who left the Dust Bowl and the Great Plains in the 1930s was from Oklahoma
Oklahoma Migrating west since about 1910 1930s: population declined by
15% Net loss: 440,000 people
1931—1933: 10% of OK farm owners lost
farms to foreclosure 60% of OK farmers were tenant
farmers
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Okie Migration: 1930s
Not everyone who left the Great Plains and the Dust Bowl came to California …
…and not everyone who came to California was from the Great Plains.
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Okie Migration: 1930s
California’s Population1930: 5.6 million1940: 6.9 million 1.3 million (+23%)
1 million were “Okie” immigrants
1940: Okies = 14.5% of the population 2010: Asians = 14.5% of the population
*2010: first time since the Gold Rush that native-born Californians make up a majority of the state’s population.
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Okie Migration: 1930s
Not everyone who came to California was a farmer
Lawyers, bankers, doctors, teachers, merchants …
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Okie Migration: 1930s
Not everyone who came to California settled in the Central Valley
38%: Los Angeles 62%: Central Valley farms
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Okie Migration: 1930s
1936: Bum Blockade LA Police Chief
James Edgar "Two-Gun" Davis
136 officers 16 major points of
entry from Arizona, Nevada and Oregon
Turn back migrants with "no visible means of support."
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Okie Migration: 1930s
1936: Bum Blockade Nancy Drew?
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Encouraged Migration from other parts of the USA
1. Nativism
2. Agricultural Growth
3. Progressive Movement
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Encouraged Migration from other parts of the USA
Nativism
Gold Rush Native Americans Mexicans
Chinese (1850s onward)
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Encouraged Migration from other parts of the USA
2. Agricultural Growth 1890—1914
from large-scale ranching and grain-growing
to smaller-scale, intensive fruit cultivation
growth of canning, packing, food machinery, and transportation services
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California Agricultural# of Farms # of Farm Acres Farm Labor Force
1859 19,000 8,730,000 53,000
1899 73,000 28,829,000 151,000
1919 118,000 29,366,000 261,000
1929 136,000 30,443,000 332,000
1939 133,000 30,524,000 278,000
1949 137,000 36,613,000 304,000
1959 99,000 36,888,000 284,000
1969 78,000 35,328,000 240,000
1979 73,000 32,727,000 311,000
1989 83,000 30,590,000 416,000
1999 74,000 27,699,000 260,000
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Encouraged Migration from other parts of the USA
3. Progressive Movement
1890s – 1920s Gilded Age
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“California is a garden of Eden, a paradise to live in or see …”
Woody Guthrie
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Lots of folks back East, they say, is leavin' home every day,Beatin' the hot old dusty way to the California line.'Cross the desert sands they roll, gettin' out of that old dust bowl,They think they're goin' to a sugar bowl, but here's what they find Now, the police at the port of entry say,"You're number fourteen thousand for today."
Oh, if you ain't got the do re mi, folks, you ain't got the do re mi,Why, you better go back to beautiful Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Georgia, Tennessee.California is a garden of Eden, a paradise to live in or see;But believe it or not, you won't find it so hotIf you ain't got the do re mi.
Woody Guthrie
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The Grapes of Wrath
Promised Land Exodus and Moses Tom Joad
Tom Sawyer and Little Women
Rugged Individualism Community
Three Part Solution Government – “Social Safety
Net” Farm Owners Cultural Assimilation (Religion)
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The Grapes of Wrath
Promised Land Exodus and Moses Tom Joad
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The Grapes of Wrath
Tom Sawyer and Little Women
Rugged Individualism Community
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The Grapes of Wrath
Three Part Solution Government
Social Safety Net Farm Owners Cultural Assimilation
Religion
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Louisiana Swing (1954)• Bud Hobbs
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Maddox Brothers and Rose America’s Most Colorful Hillbilly
Band
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