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The contribution of paludiculture to climate change mitigation and adaptation
Hans Joostenjoosten@uni‐greifswald.de
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2015 Paris Agreement: „Limit global average temperature increase to 2o C, with 1.5o as more aspirational.”
http://unfccc.cloud.streamworld.de/webcast/us‐secretary‐of‐state‐john‐kerry
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HTTP://GO.NATURE.COM/2RCPCRU
Consequences: back to 0 emissions in 2050 and starting thedecrease within the coming few years
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Paris agreement: “…in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty”…
http://unfccc.cloud.streamworld.de/webcast/us‐secretary‐of‐state‐john‐kerry
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breaking radically with wrong developments from the past, also with respect to peatlands
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In living peatlands (‘mires’): • Production is larger than decay • Dead plants accumulate as ‘peat’
Georgia
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Belarus
Peat accumulates through water saturation: Natural peatlands are always wetlands!
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Peatlands are found in almost every country.Worldwide: 4 million km2
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Peatlands are ‘everywhere’ and very diverse
Sichuan, China
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… this is a peatland in the tundra …
Yakutia, RF
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Brunei
… this is a peatland in the tropics …
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…this is a peatland 1000 km from Antarctica…
Argentina
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Colombia
…this is a peatland in the high mountains …
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Archangelsk, RF
… this is a peatland in the sea …
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Not recognized ‐ not appreciated: the Cinderella Syndrom
Ruoergai, China
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UNFCCC 2006 (Nairobi): In Kenya there is no peat…
10 km from the Convention venueKenya
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UNFCCC 2011 (Panama): We didn‘t know we hàd peat swamps
Panama
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Living peatlands are climatically ~neutral. Globally: CO2 sink is counterbalanced by CH4 source
Norway
CH4 CO2
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More important: carbon stock! Peatlands are the most space‐effective carbon stores of all terrestrial ecosystems
Java, Indonesia
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While covering only 3% of the World’s land area, peatlands contain >500 Gigaton of carbon.
Germany
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Sabah
i.e. twice the carbon stock of the world’s total forest biomass
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Through a forest you can walk…
Brunei
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Karelia, RF
…through a peat body not…
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By drainage the peat dries out and becomes prone to (catastrophic) fires (with resulting haze)
water level
river
peat
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Indonesia 2015 peat fires: 100,000 people killed; >US $16 billion damage
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By drainage, peat is oxidized and large amounts of greenhouse gases (GHG) are released
water levelCO2
N2OCO2
CO2N2O
river
peat
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Peat is like atjar tjampoer or Spreewaldgurken: when youremove the acid/sweet water, the organic material rots away
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‐20
0
20
40
60
80
‐150 ‐100 ‐50 0 50 100
t CO
2e per ha an
d year
mean annual water table
Deeper water tablemore greenhouse gas emissions
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Deeply drained grassland on peat emits 29 T CO2e /ha/yr = 145,000 Km with middle class car
Lower Saxony
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A potato field on peat in Europe emits 37 T CO2e /ha/yr= 185.000 km with middle class car…
Bavaria
… peat potatoes are fossil resources…
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Agricultural peatland in Germany emits almost 2 x more than the 7th dirtiest energy plant in the world
Brandenburg Jähnschwalde
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SEITE 32
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öffentl. Strom‐ undFernwärmeversorgung
Industrie Verkehr Kleinverbraucher Emissionen aus denMooren
Emissionsquellen
Emissione
n in M
io. Ton
nen CO
2‐eq
.pro Jahr
naturnahe/ ungenutzte Moore landwirtschaftlich genutzte Moore forstwirtschaftlich genutzte Moore
Mt C
O2‐eq
yr‐1
In Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern drained peatlands emit 1/3 of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions
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Malaysia
Oil palm on peat in the tropics emits 60 T CO2e /ha/yr= 300.000 km by car: every hectare, every year
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Globally, drained peatlands emit >2 Gigatonnes CO2e /yr,i.e. 0.4 % of the land produces 5% of all global emissions
Indonesia
And in some years much more…
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Indonesia leads the list of global top emitters, also without the enormous peatland fires…
Indonesia
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But the European Union is a good second …
Netherlands
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24 UNFCCC parties, incl. 12 European and 9 EU countries areresponsible for 95% of all global peatland emissions
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Peatland emissions per country (in Mt CO2e/yr): highest global urgency for peatland rewetting
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In 25 countries, peatlands emit > 50%, in 50 countries >10 % compared to their emissions from fossil fuels & cement
Uganda
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Peatlands emit in PNG 13x, Burundi 10x, Iceland 5x, Mongolia 4x, Zambia 3x and Finland 2x more than fossil fuels & cement
Iceland
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Peatland emissions as % of national fossil fuel & cement emissions: highest urgency for national
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Peatlands emissions per unit national land area (tCO2e/km2): highest urgency for national land use policies
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Peatlands produce 30 % of all emissions from agriculture
Indonesia
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Agriculture in Germany: 7% of land causes 37% of emissions
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Maik StegmannMecklenburg‐Vorpommern
In Germany peatland agriculture causes annually a climatedamage of € 3.6 billion, and gets 300 million EU‐grants (CC)
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“Biogas” from mays on causes 8x more climate damage than burning lignite…but receives green energy subventions
Lower Saxony
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The ‘polluter pays’ principle is put on the
head:
We pay peatland agriculture for causing
massive climate damage
… and frustrate in this way sensible solutions
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drainage
Mineralisation & emission of N, P
GHG‐emissions
Height loss
Peat oxidation
Disappearance ofpeat
Security risks
Climate change
Subsidence
Vanishing peatlandscapes
Function conflicts
Desiccation
Eutrophication
Deterioratingwater quality
Increasing watermanagement costs
Van de Riet et al. 2014
Climate damage is merely one of the societal damages
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In continental regions peatland drainage creates deserts…
Ukraine
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…and soils like made of stone…
Ukraine
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river
peat
Insufficiently recognized: drainage also causes subsidence!
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Bavaria: 3 m loss since 1836 UK: 4 m loss since 1870
Drainage subsidence (loss of height): 1 ‐2 cm annually
former land surface
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In Germany 10,000s ha of agricultural peatland have been flooded because they could no longer be economically drained
Vorpommern
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…Nether‐lands: bogged down by 1000 yr of peatland drainageand subsidence
8 m subsidence
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…Nether‐lands: now half the country deep under sea level…
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…and subsidence continues…
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…and subsidence continues…
Intropics
subsidence5 times faster!
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time
height
Tidal range
Whereas the sea level rises, we bog the peatlands down….
start of drainage
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Many peatlands are coastal and will ‐ with continuing drainage ‐ be flooded…
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Drained land use on coastal peatland will – in the near future ‐ lead to the loss of substantial tracts of land
Aljosja HooijerSumatra
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We are loosing land, now that we need it most: for morepeople, for less poverty, and for replacing fossil resources
Kalimantan
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Problem: Our land culture had a semi desert as a cradle…
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…and has since the idea that productive land must be dry…
Qatar
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…and soils continuously be moved…
Qatar
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…illusions that we worldwide apply to wet, organic soils…
Greta GaudigGermany
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with desert plants on drained peat in Indonesia: Aloe vera
Bostang RadjagukgukKalimantan
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… or semi‐arid Maize on drained peat in Germany…
Germany
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Botswana
Living peatlands: they still exist worldwide (>80%)….
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even in Germany but that is not where it is all about…
Germany
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When we talk about peatlands and climate, we talk about cows on drained peatland…
Denmark
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…hay from drained peatland…
Netherlands
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… potatoes on drained peatland…
Ukraine
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… forests on drained peatland….
Scotland
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Palm oil can grow and produce well on peat… oil palm on drained peatland…
Malaysia
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… pulpwood on drained peatland….
Sumatra
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Rewetting solves most of the problems
Germany
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Rewetting to reduce haze and emissions
Kalimantan
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Rewetting to reduce emissions and drainage costs
Germany
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Belarus
Rewetting for carbon credits and for restoring biodiversity
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But we cannot flood all drained peatland worldwide and take it out of production
Lower Saxony
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We have to solve the drainage problem while maintaining theproduction function: i.e. with paludiculture
Mecklenburg‐West Pomerania
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If you need to use them, use them wet!
Poland
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Rewetting with paludiculture reduces emissions and producesrenewable biomass resources
Germany
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‐20
0
20
40
60
80
‐150 ‐100 ‐50 0 50 100
t CO
2e per ha an
d year
mean annual water table
arable fields, int. grassland
low int. grassland
reed can. grass
alder
sedges, reeds
peatmoss
Paludicultures under study in Greifswald (cf. excursions)
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Reed cultivation: Biomass ánd peat accumulation
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Reed: demand in Europa larger than supply
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Construction and insulation material from reed
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China uses 450.000 ton of reed annually for paper
Neimongol, ChinaJan Köbbing
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Alder cultivation on rewetted fens
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Alder cultivation: biomass ánd peat accumulation
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Alder wood: good for furniture and furneer
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Typha cultivation on rewetted peatland
Bavaria
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2017 our first mechanical harvest of Typha
Vorpommern
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Typha: very strong and ideal for insulation
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Since 2014, first city heating plant in Germany using onlybiomass from rewetted peatlands. More are underway
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Peatmoss cultivation on rewetted bog grassland to replacefossil peat in horticulture
Lower Saxony
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2016 first large scale harvest of cultivated peatmoss
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Water buffalo in rewetted coastal transgression mire
Karrendorf
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Cultivation of Typha in the Netherlands
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Briquettage of reed in Belarus to replace peat as fuel
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Indonesia orientates on paludiculture for its huge peatland rewetting program (2.8 million ha!), e.g. Jelutung
Indonesia
Juni 2017:"Paludiculture is the new environmental buzzword”
Marcel Silvius
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Rewetting provides additional local and regional benefits for climate change adaptation
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Wet peatlands are ‘cool’: they cool hot landscapes:More energy for evaporation less for heat
Netherlands
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Rewetting Polder Kieve cools more (3.0 W m‐2) than anthro‐pogenic greenhouse effect since 1750 (2.4 W m‐2) has heated
Adaptation!
Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern
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Polder Kieve could absorp 92% of all high water events (1983‐2011) and strongly reduce peak flow
Adaptation!
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2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 201268.5
69
69.5
70
Revitalized peatland close to damSupplying ground water layer 1 km upstream
[mN
N]
.
Revitalisiertes Moor in der Nähe des StausSpeisender Grundwasserleiter ca. 1 km oberstrom
Peatland rewetting
Peatland rewetting retains groundwater in the catchment : good for dry periods
Adaptation!
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Rhynchospora alba
Drosera rotundifoliaErica tetralix
Paludiculture may support species conservation: Red List species as “weeds”
Lower Saxony
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Van de Riet et al. 2014
Paludiculture strengthens nature conservation by wet landuse around wet conservation sites
Adaptation!
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Van de Riet et al. 2014
Paludiculture allows migration corridors
Adaptation!
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And coastal flood mires grow up with the rising sea level!
Karrendorf
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Reinhard Lampe
Karrendorf
And coastal flood mires grow up with the rising sea level!
Adaptation!
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Wet peatlands connect landscapes and political targets:Green network with many synergies
Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern
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• Cheap, effective way to reduce GHG emissions• Land exploitation with minimal soil degradation• Rehabilitation of degraded land• Employment in rural area• Raw materials for energy and industry• Resource‐political autarchy• Better landscape hydrology and mesoclimate• Decreased nutrient emissions to the seas• Habitats for rare wetland species• Improved perspectives for (eco)tourism• Prevention of peatland fires
Paludiculture: many advantages and synergies of mitigation and adaptation
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Knowledge summarized (2016), but large‐scaleimplementation is still lacking…
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Paludiculture: like Father X‐mas:Everybody believes in it, but it does not (yet really) exist…
?
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Paludiculture: more than a change from carrots to potatoes!
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:
We have desert land in our genes, but need wetness in our heads and in our landscapes!
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Development of the entire production chain: Crops, infrastructure/logistics, products, machinery, ….
Skipping of perverse agricultural subventions and adaptation of old‐fashioned laws and regulations
Awareness raising, pilot and demonstration sites
Research!
Paludiculture is ‘unknown land’
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Research: 10,000 years behind…
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Awareness raising worldwide
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GPI: south‐south and triangular exchange
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Aims simple and clear: no land loss, 0‐emissions by 2050.And getting the curve soon!
Karrendorf
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How are we doing? UNEP‐EGR: Global emissions from drained peatlands will be 300 Mt CO2e lower in 2030 than in 2015
Wetscapes MV
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>200 Mt CO2e from SE Asia, 10 Mt from Europe (sic!)…So we are getting the curve. But no paludiculture yet….
Brunei
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Sumatra
After 2030 we have to massively implement paludiculture toapproach the 0‐emission goal by 2050
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Paris + Peatland = Paludiculture
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Peatlands must be wet: for the climate, for the land, for the people, for ever…