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The Constitution
Chapter 2
Edwards, Wattenberg, and LineberryGovernment in America: People, Politics, and Policy
Fourteenth Edition
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DrawOhio’sFlag
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Constitution• Definition
A constitution is a nation’s basic lawIt creates political institutions
Divides powers in government
• Sets the broad rules of the game
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THE “REAL” REVOLUTION (IDEOLOGY )
LEGITIMATE GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY
SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
HUMAN LIBERTY PRECEDED GOVERNMENT
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH MOST IMPORTANT
THEY REPRESENTED THE PEOPLE
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Origins of the American Revolutiuon
• The Road to Revolution
• Tax increases after French and Indian War
• Colonists lacked direct representation
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HOBBES LOCKE ROUSSEAU
The Social Contract
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Origins of the Constitution
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DECLARING INDEPENDNCE
• Second Continental Congress met
• The Declaration of Independence (adopted on July 4, 1776)
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DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (1776)
WRITTEN BY THOMAS JEFFERSON
PHILOSOPHICAL JUSTIFICATION
LIST OF GRIEVANCES
ACTION TO BE TAKEN
CH 2 SUM
1-PHILOSOPHY 2-GRIEVANCES 3-ACTION
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The American Revolution
• It was a “Conservative” Revolution• Restored rights colonists felt they had lost• Not a major change of government
• Winning Independence• Revolutionary War 1776-1783
• US wins (Thanks to France, Russia. & others)
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WRITTEN IN 1777, RATIFIED IN 1781
“FIRM LEAGUE OF FRIENDSHIP”
SINGLE-CHAMBER CONGRESS
NO EXECUTIVE
NO NATIONAL COURTS
CH 2 SUM
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• Day 1 goal
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The Articles of Confederation
• First document to govern United States
• Government power rested in the states
• Confederate Government was weak
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WEAKNESSES OFTHE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
NO POWER TO TAXNO REGULATION OF COMMERCEEACH STATE INDEPENDENTONE VOTE PER STATE9 / 13 REQUIRED TO PASS LAWSSTATE MILITIA BASED MILITARYNO JUDICIAL SYSTEMUNANIMOUS AMENDMENT PROCESS
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THE CRITICAL PERIOD
NAT. GOV’T TOO WEAK
ECONOMY WAS STAGNATE
SHAY’S REBELLION
U.S. BEGAN TO DISSOLVE
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Changes in the States
• Liberalized voting laws
• Expanding economic middle class
• Ideas of equality accepted
• Concept of ‘democracy’ spread
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The Miracle at Philadelphia
• Members of the Constitutional Convention
• 55 men from 12 of the 13 states
• Mostly wealthy planters and merchants
• Most were college graduates with some political experience
• Many were coastal residents from the larger cities, not the rural areas
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•Declaration of Independence•56 signers•38 English•18 were non-English•8 were not born in the colonies
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JAMES MADISON
“FATHEROF THECONSTITUTION”ANDFOURTHU.S. PRESIDENT
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Origins of the Constitution
• The English Heritage: The Power of Ideas
• Natural rights
• Consent of the governed
• Limited Government
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The Philadelphia Convention
• Constitution reflected certain beliefs
• Self interest is Human Nature
• Political conflict lead to factions
• The objectives of government, includes preservation of property and community
• Nature of Government was to rule
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Basic Ideas of the Constitution
Separation of powers between three branches.
Checks and balances provide oversight.
Government takes the form of a federal system.
National Powers & State Powers
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Montesquieu: The Spirit of Laws
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•LIMITED GOVERNMENT•DIVIDED POWERS
•LEGISLATIVE BRANCH•EXECUTIVE BRANCH•JUDICIAL BRANNCH
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GEORGEWASHINGTON
PRESIDINGOFFICEROF THECONSTITUTIONALCONVENTIONAND FIRSTU.S. PRESIDENT
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NEW JERSEY REPRESENTATIVE TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
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The Compromises in Philadelphia
• Representation of the States•New Jersey Plan—equal representation•Virginia Plan —population-based
•Connecticut Compromise
• Slavery•Left up to each state•Three-fifths compromise•Slave Trade compromise
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CONSTITUTION CREATED ‘FEDERALISM’
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CONSTITUTION CREATED A REPUBLICNOT A ‘DEMOCRACY’
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THEIR OWN SELF INTEREST ?CHARLES BEARD
STATE ECONOMIC CONCERNS ?MORE RECENT RESEARCH
PRACTICAL POLITICS ? (ROCHE)HAD TO GET STATES’
APPROVAL
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BATTLE FOR RATIFICATION (1787-1790)
FEDERALISTSHAMILTON / MADISON / JAYWANTED RATIFICATION
ANTI-FEDERALISTS JEFFERSONAGAINST RATIFICATION
CH 2 SUM
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Ratifying the Constitution
• Federalist Papers•85 articles for ratification
•Hamilton, Jay, Madison
• Bill of Rights promised•Focus on basic liberties•Eventually the first 10 amendments
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The Constituition & Individual Rights
• Protected writ of habeas corpus
• No bills of attainder
• No ex post facto laws
• No religious qualifications for office
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NO BILL OF RIGHTS (WHICH LISTS IND. RIGHTS)
LIMITED MANY PEOPLEBLACKS (SLAVERY)WOMEN (NO VOTE)NAT. AMERICANS (NO CIT.)
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So a Bill of Rights was added
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Article I: Legislative Branch
Bicameral, Senate and House.
Section 8 lists enumerated powers.
Final clause is necessary and proper clause.
This is the basis for Congress’ implied powers.
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Article II: Executive Branch
President with a four-year term.
Qualifications for and removal from office.
Lists powers of the office.
Commander in chief, treaties, appointments.
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Article III: Judicial Branch
Establishes only a Supreme Court.
Sets boundaries of Supreme Court’s jurisdiction.
Gives Congress power to establish lower courts.
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Articles IV
INTERSTATE RELATIONS
Article IV includes full faith
and credit clause.
Article IV includes provisions
about new states.
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Articles V
AMENDMENT
PROCESS
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The Importance of Flexibility
•It does not prescribe every detail
•The Constitution changes according to needs
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Constitutional Change
• Formal Constitutional Change• Amendment process
• Informal Constitutional Change• Judicial Interpretation
•Marbury v. Madison (1803)• Judicial review
• Legislative desires
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Articles VI
The supremacy clause.
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Articles VII
Article VII contains
provisions for ratification.
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U.S CONSTITUTION BASED ON THE MADISON MODEL
• Goal to stop ‘tyranny of the majority’
• Representative Democracy
• Limiting Majority Control
• Separating Powers
• Creating Checks and Balances
• Establishing a Federal System
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The Madisonian Model
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Understanding the Constitution
• The Constitution and Democracy• Gradual democratization of the Constitution
• The Constitution & the Scope of Government
• Multiple access points for citizens
• Encourages stalemate
• Limits government
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Summary
• The Constitution strengthen national government powers through compromise.
• Protection of individual rights increased through the Bill of Rights.
• Formal and informal changes continue to shape our Madisonian system of government.
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AP CHAPTER 2 - OBJECTIVESTHE CONSTITUTION
1-EXPLAIN THE NOTION OF “HIGHER LAW” BY WHICH THE COLONISTS FELT THEY WERE ENTITLED TO CERTAIN “NATURAL RIGHTS”. ALSO LIST THOSE RIGHTS.
2-COMPARE THE BASIS ON WHICH THE COLONISTS FELT A GOVERNMENT COULD BE LEGITIMATE WITH THE BASIS OF LEGITIMACY THEN ASSUMED BY MONARCHIES.
3-LIST AND DESCRIBE THE SHORTCOMING OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION.
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4-COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE VIRGINIA AND NEW JERSEY PLAN, AND SHOW HOW THEY LED TO THE “GREAT COMPROMISE”, AKA CONNECTICUT COMPROMISE.
5-EXPLAIN WHY SEPARATION OF POWERS AND FEDERALISM BECAME KEY PARTS OF THE CONSTITUTION.
6-EXPLAIN WHY A BILL OF RIGHTS WAS NOT INITIALLY INCLUDED IN THE CONSTITUTION AND WHY IT WAS ADDED.
7-LIST AND EXPLAIN THE TWO MAJOR TYPES OF CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM ADVOCATED TODAY, ALONG WITH SPECIFIC REFORM MEASURES.
AP CHAPTER 2 - OBJECTIVESTHE CONSTITUTION
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AP CHAPTER 2 = IMPORTANT TERMS
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIONCHARLES A. BEARDCONSTITUTIONCONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONDECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCEFEDERALISMFEDERALIST PAPERSGREAT COMPROMISE
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JOHN LOCKEJAMES MADISONNATURAL RIGHTSNEW JERSEY PLANSEPARATION OF POWERSSHAY’S REBELLIONVIRGINIA PLAN
AP CHAPTER 2 = IMPORTANT TERMS
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AP CHAPTER 2 - IMPORTANT TERMS
AMENDMENT (CONSTITUTIONAL)ANTIFEDERALISTSBILL OF ATTAINDERBILL OF RIGHTSCHECKS AND BALANCESCOALITIONCONFEDERATION
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EX POST FACTO LAWFACTIONJUDICIAL REVIEWLINE-ITEM VETOMADISONIAN VIEW OF HUMAN
NATUREREPUBLICUNALIENABLE RIGHTSWRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS
AP CHAPTER 2 - IMPORTANT TERMS
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AP CHAPTER 2 = QUESTIONS
1-WHY, IF ONE IS CONCERNED WITH PROTECTING HUMAN LIBERTY, WOULD ONE WANT TO MAKE THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH OF GOVERNMENT DOMINATE, RATHER THAN THE EXECUTIVE OR JUDICIARY?
2-WHAT FEATURES OF THE CONSTITUTION MAKE IT DIFFICULT FOR GOVERNMENT TO ACHIEVE ANYTHING? WHY WERE THEY INCLUDED?
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AP CHAPTER 2 = QUESTIONS
3-THE FRAGMENTATION OF POWER UNDER THE CONSTITUTION (SEPARATION OF POWERS) MAKES THE ENACTMENT OF PUBLIC POLICY A SLOW PROCESS. CAN THE UNITED STATES THRIVE , INDEED SURVIVE, IN A FAST PACED, MODERN NUCLEAR AGE WHEN THE GOVERNMENT CANNOT RESPOND QUICKLY?
4-HOW DID THE ORIGINAL CONCEPT OF THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE REFLECT THE FOUNDERS’ DISTRUST OF DEMOCRACY? WHAT OTHER CONSTITUTIONAL FEATURES LIMITED THE ROLE OF POPULAR MAJORITIES?
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AP CHAPTER 2 = QUESTIONS
5-EXPLAIN WHAT JEFFERSON MEANT WHEN HE SAID THE TREE OF LIBERTY MUST BE REFRESHED FROM TIME TO TIME WITH THE BLOOD OF PATRIOTS AND TYRANTS?”