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The Collapse of the Old Order 1929–1949
I. The Stalin Revolution
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A. Joseph Stalin
1. rose within the Communist Party
- heavily industrialized USSR
2. 1928: series of Five-Year Plans (centralize state control over economy)
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B. Collectivization of Agriculture
1. Squeezed the peasantry to pay for:
– first Five-Year Plan– To provide food– organized small farms (collectives)
2. Violent suppression of kulak peasants
– caused massive famines
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C. Second Five-Year Plan
1. Out of fear of Nazi regime (1933–1937) :
– Stalin shifted to heavy industries & armaments
– food shortages
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D. Stalin Terror: Great Purges1. Industrialization & collectivization by force
– secret police (NKVD)– work camps: gulags– the obedient rose within the Party– new opportunities for women to join workforce
2. Success?
– quickest industrialization ever
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"There is a person, there is a problem; there is no person, there is no problem."
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Four... Three...
Two... One...
Changing History
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A. Crash!
1. N.Y. stock market collapsed: October 29, 1929
Caused a chain reaction:
• consumers cut spending• companies laid off workers• small farms failed
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B. International Crash
1. N.Y. banks recalled loans to Germany & Austria:
• payment of war reparations to France & Britain ended, who then could not repay war loans to U.S.
2.1930: isolationist legislation
• world trade declined by 62% from 1929-1932
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C. Economic Effects
1. France & Britain escaped the worst…colonies purchased their products
2. Japan & Germany suffered much more
3. India & China little affected
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D. Political Effects
1. Profound political repercussions:
• U.S.: gov’t programs like New Deal legislation
• Germany & Japan: radical politicians devoted economies to military build-up…
• Latin America: led to military dictatorships
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III. The Rise of Fascism
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A. fasci di combattimento
1. Post WWI Italy: thousands of unemployed veterans & violent youths formed the “league of combatants”
• militias & thugs• nicknamed: “Black Shirts”
2. Leader of fascist party: Benito Mussolini
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Il Duce
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B. Problems in Germany
1. Germany had been hard-hit by:
• Treaty of Versailles• hyperinflation of 1923• the Depression
2. Germans blamed: communists, Jews, & foreigners
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C. Adolf Hitler1. Austrian-born German & WW I
veteran
2. Became leader of National Socialist Workers’ Party (Nazis) & led an unsuccessful uprising (1924)
• 1925 –wrote Mein Kampf in prison outlining radical racial theories
• “Brown Shirts” miltias
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Adolf Hitler
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D. Taking Control
1. Depression: Nazis gained support
2. Hitler:
• became Chancellor (1933)• assumed dictatorial power• declared himself Führer of the Third Reich (1934)
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Nazi Youth Movement
Propaganda Posters
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IV. East Asia (1931–1945)
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A. Manchurian Incident (1931)1. Ultranationalists in Japan desired a colonial
empire in China
2. 1931: Japanese Army conquered Manchuria
3. Japan industrialized province & N.E. China
4. In Japan: gov’t grew more authoritarian
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B. Chinese Communist Party
1. Main challenge to Chiang Kai-shek’s gov’t: Communist Party
2. Communists flee to countryside
– CCP led by Mao Zedong– calls for land redistribution from
wealthy to peasants
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C. The Long March1. Kai-shek’s Guomindang army
pursued Communists into the mountains
2. Mao responded with guerilla warfare tactics
3. 1934: Guomindang forces surrounded Communists & they fleed on the “Long March”
4. Communists ally with…
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Mao Zedong (1893-1976)
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D. Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)
1. Japanese troops launched full-scale invasion of China
2. War strain on Japan’s economy:
- dependent on U.S. steel, tools, & oil
2. Japanese Atrocities at city of Nanjing (1937-40)
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“Rape of Nanking”
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2004 AP Exam: Compare-Contrast
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V. The Road to War
“Beer Hall” Putsch
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A. Nazi Policies1. Policies:
– Public works – Military build-up
2. Caused:
– economic boom– lower unemployment– rising standards of living
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B. Road to War (1933–1939)
1. Hitler’s goal: more “living space” (Lebensraum) through territorial conquest
2. Tested other powers:
– withdrew from League of Nations– military conscription– established air force (Luftwaffe)
3. Italy invaded Ethiopia (1935) & Hitler sent troops into Rhineland (1936)
4. Hitler invaded Austria (1938)
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C. Appeasement1. Three causes for weakness of the “democracies”
“Democracies” used appeasement policy due to:
– fear of another world war– feared communism more than Germany– World believed Hitler with the Munich
Agreement that he would expand no more…
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D. Taking More…1. March 1939 Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia…
France & Britain seek Soviet alliance
2. Hitler & Stalin were negotiating the Nazi-Soviet Pact:
- each agreed to divide Poland