Download - The Civil Rights Movement
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The Civil Rights Movement
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Signs of Change1947 MLB desegregated 1948 Armed forces integratedBut still segregated in southern facilities (Plessey)
and by de facto in northern citiesBlacks had become political force in northern dem party
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BackgroundBlacks historically denied rightsProsperity of the 1950’s passed them byBetween 1947-70 brings dramatic changeCold War ideological battle fuels debate Truman’s initiatives blocked
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Brown v Board of Education
Preceded by decision affecting higher ed1954 S.C. decision - segregation in schools is unconstitutional (14th Amendment)Reversed Plessey v Ferguson (1896)Thurgood Marshall – Attorney for NAACPWarren: “separate schools are inherently unequal” & schools must desegregate with “all deliberate speed”
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Implementing Desegregation
Southern states close schools, “Little Rock Nine” Orville Faubus Arkansas Nat Guard
Confrontation (1957) – Ike sends fed soldiers to escort black students into white high school in Arkansas
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Federal Troops Enforcing Desegregation
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Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)
Rosa Parks violates Alabama segregation law by sitting in white section of bus & is arrestedAfrican Americans boycott buses citywide in protestBaptist minister Martin Luther King becomes spokesman for boycott’56 – SC rules segregation of transportation unconstitutional
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Martin Luther KingSouthern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)nonviolent protest civil disobedienceOratory
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March on Washington ‘63MLK leads march“I Have a Dream”Turning point in civil rights movementCivil Right Act passed next year
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Student Non-Violent Coordinating CommitteeSNCC National Organization of Black College Students who Organized Sit-ins @ lunch-counters, pools, libraries, hotels Greensboro, NC Woolworths ‘60
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Freedom Rides1961Black and White members of CORE organized a integrated bus ride through the south to test the Supreme Court ruling outlawing segregation on public transportation. Met with violence in Alabama
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Malcolm XPetty CriminalConverts to Islam in prisonMilitant Civil Rights LeaderNation of IslamElijah Muhammad
>> Org of Afro-American UnityBlack NationalismAssassinated in ‘65
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Kennedy on Civil RightsCall to King’s WifeThe New Frontier – Included rebuilding blighted inner-cities (failed in Congress)Consolidates support of African American electorateCivil Rights Bill
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Lyndon Johnson on Civil Rights
Civil Rights Act of 1964 -Outlawed Discrimination Voting Rights Act of 1965 – outlawed literacy tests
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Resistance to ChangeKKKKing & X both assassinatedBirmingham Church Bombing4 girls killed
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Medgar Evers 1963
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Stokely Carmichael
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Selma March 1965
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George WallaceIndependence PartyPro-Segregation Platform
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