The Cardiovascular System: The Cardiovascular System: Structure Function and Structure Function and
Measurement Measurement
Chapter 9Chapter 9
Organs of the Cardiovascular Organs of the Cardiovascular System System
HeartHeart
Blood vesselsBlood vessels– ArteriesArteries
ArteriolesArterioles
CapillariesCapillaries– VeinsVeins
VenulesVenules
The Heart The Heart Muscular organ the size of a Muscular organ the size of a fistfist
Four chambers – L/R Four chambers – L/R Ventricles L/R AtriaVentricles L/R Atria
Endocardium- lines the Endocardium- lines the heart chambersheart chambers
Myocardium- muscle layerMyocardium- muscle layer
Pericardium- membranous Pericardium- membranous outer coveringouter covering
AtriaAtria
Right Atrium (RA)- Right Atrium (RA)- right upper chamber- right upper chamber- receives blood from receives blood from body- deoxygenated body- deoxygenated bloodblood
Left atrium (LA)- left Left atrium (LA)- left upper heart.- receives upper heart.- receives oxygenated blood oxygenated blood from lungs and sends from lungs and sends it to the left ventricleit to the left ventricle
VentriclesVentricles
Right ventricle- (RV)- Right ventricle- (RV)- right lower chamber- right lower chamber- receives blood from right receives blood from right atrium and sends it to the atrium and sends it to the lungs through pulmonary lungs through pulmonary arteryartery
Left Ventricle (LV)- lower Left Ventricle (LV)- lower left chamber- receives left chamber- receives blood from left atrium and blood from left atrium and sends it through the aorta sends it through the aorta to the body.to the body.
AortaAorta: The main : The main trunk of the trunk of the systemic arteries, systemic arteries, carrying blood from carrying blood from the left side of the the left side of the heart to the arteries heart to the arteries of all limbs and of all limbs and organs. organs.
Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Artery carries blood to carries blood to lungslungs
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Aorta
pulmonary artery
Tricuspid valveTricuspid valve controls blood controls blood flow between the flow between the right atrium and right atrium and ventricleventricle
Mitral valveMitral valve controls blood controls blood movement movement between the left between the left atrium and atrium and ventricleventricle
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Tricuspid Valve
Mitral Valve
Pulmonary valvePulmonary valve controls blood controls blood movement from movement from right ventricle into right ventricle into pulmonary artery pulmonary artery
The The aortic valveaortic valve controls blood flow controls blood flow from the left from the left ventricle to the ventricle to the aortaaorta
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Tricuspid Valve
Pulmonary valve
Mitral Valve
Aortic valve
ArteriesArteriesArteries- tubes that Arteries- tubes that carry blood away from carry blood away from the heart. the heart. Muscular elastic wallsMuscular elastic wallsForm arterioles which Form arterioles which form capillariesform capillariesCarry blood and oxygen Carry blood and oxygen to the body cellsto the body cells
Coronary ArteriesCoronary ArteriesSupply blood to the Supply blood to the heart muscle.heart muscle.
The heart needs a The heart needs a large amount of large amount of blood and 5-7% of blood and 5-7% of blood flows blood flows through the through the coronary arteries.coronary arteries.
VeinsVeinsVeins- tubes that carry Veins- tubes that carry blood toward the heartblood toward the heart
Thinner muscular wallsThinner muscular walls
Carry blood back to Carry blood back to heartheart
Cuplike valves to help Cuplike valves to help move bloodmove blood
CapillariesCapillariesCapillaries- tubes that Capillaries- tubes that connect arteries and connect arteries and veinsveinsWalls only one cell Walls only one cell thickthickSite for exchange of Site for exchange of nutrients and oxygen nutrients and oxygen from blood cells and from blood cells and carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide and wastes to the bloodwastes to the blood
BloodBlood
The body contains 4 to The body contains 4 to 6 quarts6 quarts
Contains Plasma: Contains Plasma: antibodies, nutrients, antibodies, nutrients, gases, waste productsgases, waste products
Produced in bone Produced in bone marrowmarrow
White and red blood White and red blood cells cells
Measuring Cardiac FunctionMeasuring Cardiac Function
Blood PressureBlood Pressure
ElectrocardiogramElectrocardiogram
Stress TestStress Test
AngiographyAngiography
Blood PressureBlood PressureMeasure of fluid Measure of fluid pressure within pressure within systemsystem
Systolic Pressure: Systolic Pressure: Pressure generated Pressure generated by contractionby contraction
Diastolic Pressure: Diastolic Pressure: Pressure achieved Pressure achieved between between contractions. contractions.
SBP reflects the amount of SBP reflects the amount of work thework the heart is performingheart is performing
DBP indicates the amount of DBP indicates the amount of peripheral resistance peripheral resistance encounteredencountered
Arterial pressure increases Arterial pressure increases with age,with age, D DBP more than SBPBP more than SBP
With aging, major blood With aging, major blood vesselsvessels increase in rigidityincrease in rigidity
ElectrocardiogramElectrocardiogramMeasure of the Measure of the electrical activity of electrical activity of the heartthe heart
Stress TestStress TestECG during ECG during exerciseexercise
AngiographyAngiography
Cardiac catheterizationCardiac catheterization
Inject dye into heartInject dye into heart
X-ray to examine blockagesX-ray to examine blockages