The Cardiovascular System :The Cardiovascular System :
BloodBlood
Achadiah RachmawatiAchadiah Rachmawati
7
LeukocytesLeukocytes
NeuthrophilNeuthrophil EosinophilEosinophil BasophilBasophil
LymphocyteLymphocyte MonocyteMonocyte
9
MacrophagesMacrophages
• Macrophages are the chief phagocytic cells
• Free macrophages wander throughout a region in search of cellular debris
• Kupffer cells (liver) and microglia (brain) are fixed macrophages
AP Biology 14
Exchange of materialsExchange of materials Animal cells exchange material across their
cell membrane fuels for energy nutrients oxygen waste (urea, CO2)
If you are a 1-cell organism that’s easy! If you are many-celled that’s harder
AP Biology 15
Overcoming limitations of diffusionOvercoming limitations of diffusion
O2
CHO
CHO
aa
aa
CH
CO2
NH3aa
O2
CH
aa
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2 CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
NH3
NH3 NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3NH3
O2
aa
CH
aa
CHO
O2
Diffusion is not adequate for moving material across more than 1-cell barrier
AP Biology 16
In circulation…In circulation… What needs to be transported
nutrients & fuels from digestive system
respiratory gases O2 & CO2 from & to gas exchange systems: lungs, gills
intracellular waste waste products from cells
water, salts, nitrogenous wastes (urea) protective agents
immune defenses white blood cells & antibodies
blood clotting agents regulatory molecules
hormones
AP Biology 17
Circulatory systemsCirculatory systems All animals have:
circulatory fluid = “blood” tubes = blood vessels muscular pump = heart
open closed
hemolymph blood
AP Biology 18
Open circulatory systemOpen circulatory system
Taxonomy invertebrates
insects, arthropods, mollusks
Structure no separation
between blood & interstitial fluid hemolymph
AP Biology 19
Closed circulatory systemClosed circulatory system Taxonomy
invertebrates earthworms, squid,
octopuses vertebrates
Structure blood confined to vessels
& separate from interstitial fluid
1 or more hearts large vessels to smaller
vessels material diffuses
between vessels & interstitial fluid
closed system = higher pressures
AP Biology 20
Vertebrate circulatory systemVertebrate circulatory system
Adaptations in closed system number of heart chambers differs
4 chamber heart is double pump = separates oxygen-rich & oxygen-poor blood; maintains high pressure
What’s the adaptive value of a 4 chamber heart?
2 3 4
low pressureto body
low O2
to body
high pressure & high O2
to body
AP Biology 21
Evolution of vertebrate circulatory systemEvolution of vertebrate circulatory system
fish amphibian reptiles birds & mammals
A A
VV V VV
A AAAA
V
2 chamber 3 chamber 3 chamber 4 chamber
Birds ANDmammals!
Wassssup?!
AP Biology 22
Evolution of 4-chambered heartEvolution of 4-chambered heart
convergentevolution
Selective forces body size
protection from predation bigger body = bigger stomach for
herbivores endothermy
can colonize more habitats flight
decrease predation & increase prey capture
Effect of higher metabolic rate greater need for energy, fuels, O2,
waste removal endothermic animals need 10x energy need to deliver 10x fuel & O2 to cells
AP Biology 23
Vertebrate cardiovascular systemVertebrate cardiovascular system
Chambered heart atrium = receive blood ventricle = pump blood out
Blood vessels arteries = carry blood away from heart
arterioles veins = return blood to heart
venules capillaries = point of exchange, thin wall
capillary beds = networks of capillaries
AP Biology 26
Blood vesselsBlood vesselsarteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
artery
arteriolesvenules
veins
AP Biology 27
Arteries: Built for high pressure pumpArteries: Built for high pressure pump
Arteries thicker walls
provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood
narrower diameter elasticity
elastic recoil helps maintain blood pressure even when heart relaxes
AP Biology 28
Veins: Built for low pressure flowVeins: Built for low pressure flow
Veins thinner-walled wider diameter
blood travels back to heart at low velocity & pressure
lower pressure distant from heart blood must flow by skeletal muscle contractions
when we move squeeze blood through veins
valves in larger veins one-way valves
allow blood to flow only toward heart
Open valve
Blood flowstoward heart
Closed valve
AP Biology 29
Capillaryies: Built for exchangeCapillaryies: Built for exchange
Capillaries very thin walls
lack 2 outer wall layers only endothelium
enhances exchange across capillary
AP Biology 30
Controlling blood flow to tissuesControlling blood flow to tissues Blood flow in capillaries controlled by
pre-capillary sphincters supply varies as blood is needed after a meal, blood supply to digestive tract increases during strenuous exercise, blood is diverted from digestive
tract to skeletal muscles capillaries in brain, heart, kidneys & liver usually filled
to capacity
sphincters open sphincters closed
Why?
AP Biology 31
Exchange across capillary wallsExchange across capillary walls
Arteriole
Bloodflow
Venule
Lymphaticcapillary
Interstitialfluid
Fluid & solutes flows out of capillaries to tissues due to blood pressure “bulk flow”
Interstitial fluid flows back into capillaries due to osmosis plasma proteins osmotic pressure in capillary
BP > OP BP < OP
15% fluid returns via lymph
85% fluid returns to capillaries
What aboutedema?
Capillary
AP Biology 32
Lymphatic systemLymphatic system Parallel circulatory system
transports white blood cells defending against infection
collects interstitial fluid & returns to blood maintains volume & protein
concentration of blood drains into circulatory system
near junction of vena cava & right atrium
AP Biology 34
MammalianMammaliancirculationcirculation
What do blue vs. red areas represent?What do blue vs. red areas represent?
pulmonary
systemic
systemic
AP Biology 37
AV
SL
AV
Heart valvesHeart valves 4 valves in the heart
flaps of connective tissue prevent backflow
Atrioventricular (AV) valve between atrium & ventricle keeps blood from flowing back
into atria when ventricles contract “lub”
Semilunar valves between ventricle & arteries prevent backflow from arteries into
ventricles while they are relaxing “dub”
AP Biology 38
AV
SL
AV
Lub-dub, lub-dubLub-dub, lub-dub Heart sounds
closing of valves “Lub”
recoil of blood against closed AV valves
“Dub” recoil of blood against
semilunar valves
Heart murmur defect in valves causes hissing sound when stream
of blood squirts backward through valve
AP Biology 39
Cardiac cycleCardiac cycle
systolic________diastolic
pump (peak pressure)_________________fill (minimum pressure)
1 complete sequence of pumping heart contracts & pumps heart relaxes & chambers fill contraction phase
systole ventricles pumps blood out
relaxation phase diastole atria refill with blood
AP Biology 40
Measurement of blood pressureMeasurement of blood pressure
High Blood Pressure (hypertension) if top number (systolic pumping) > 150 if bottom number (diastolic filling) > 90
AP Biology 42
Tugas IndividuTugas Individu Jelaskan haematopoeisis pada hewan ternak
[sapi, kambing, kelinci dan unggas (burung dan ayam)]! Lengkapi dengan bagan dari pustaka!
Bagaimana sistim sirkulasi darah pada hewan-hewan ternak tersebut! Lengkapi dengan bagan dari pustaka!
Bagaimana sistim immune pada hewan-hewan ternak tersebut! Lengkapi dengan bagan dari pustaka!
AP Biology 43
Tugas IndividuTugas Individu Tugas ditulis tangan (tulisan harus jelas
terbaca) pada kertas folio bergaris menggunakan ballpoint tinta biru (bukan spidol)!
Jawaban harus disertai dengan min. 5 (lima) pustaka tahun 1990–2009.
Apabila ada jawaban yang sama, maka nilai akan dibagi dengan jumlah jawaban yang sama.
Tugas dikumpulkan pada hari Senin, 30 Maret 2009 paling lambat jam 11.00 WIB melalui Ketua Klas dan diserahkan secara kolektif pada Dosen.