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The Brain – Structure and Function
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CNS - The Brain and Spinal Cord
Acts as a coordinating center for the nervous system
The brain is protected by a protective membrane known as the meninges The outer membrane is the dura
mater The middle layer is the arachnoid The inner layer is the pia mater
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates between the inner most layers and middle layers of the meninges and through the central canal of the spinal chord
The cerebrospinal fluid acts as both a shock absorber and a transport medium
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The Spinal Cord
Carries sensory nerve messages from the receptors to the brain and back to the motor neurons
The spinal cord emerges through a hole in the skull called the foramen magnum and extends downward through the backbone
Contains both gray matter and white matter
The dorsal nerve tract brings information to the CNS and brain
The ventral nerve tract brings information from the CNS to the motor neurons
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Structures of the BrainOlfactory Lobes
Cerebrum
Cerebral Cortex
Corpus Callosum
Cerebellum
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Pons
Medulla Oblongatahttp://www.nelson.com/ABbio20-30/teacher/protect/otr/Bio2030OTR/attachments/i_AnimationSimulation/sagittal_brain.html
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Structures of the Brain
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Olfactory LobesCenters that receive information about smell
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Cerebrum
Two hemispheres that act as the coordinating center for sensory and motor activity
Speech, reasoning, memory and personality reside in the cerebrum (all mammals have a highly developed cerebrum)
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Cerebral Cortex
The surface of the cerebrum
Composed of gray matter
Has many folds (Fissures) to increase surface area
Information differs between the two hemispheres (right brain vs. left brain) Right and Left hemispheres
RIGHT = visual, spatial awareness, intuitive LEFT = language, logical, sequential thought, verbal skills
Can be divided into four lobes
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Phineas Gage Story http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kc213mMSsjY&feature=related (6
min)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBBdxnXhbz8&feature=PlayList&p=D3475FD9FD746D3B&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=9
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Four lobes of the
Cerebral Cortex
Frontal Lobe: Motor control (walking, speech) Conscious thought
Inhibition of behavior Intelligence Memory personality
Temporal Lobe: Associated with vision, hearing and
memory
Parietal Lobe: Touch and temperature awareness Linked to emotions and interpreting
speech Pain interpretation Body position or orientation
Occipital Lobe: Sensory organs associated with
sight
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Corpus CallosumAllows communication between the left and
right hemispheres
Joe – Split Brain (5 min)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMLzP1VCANo&feature=PlayList&p=49F78B8CF7107C31&playnext=1&index=2
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Occipital Lobe(1 min)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ddznuzf1TaM&feature=related
Frontal and Temporal Lobe(6 min)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agPUoKB8eEk&NR=1
Drugs and the Brain (5 min)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzP-4N2Qfs0&NR=1
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CerebellumLocated directly below the cerebrum
Largest section of hind brain
Controls limb movements/coordination, balance and muscle toneFine and voluntary motor skills
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Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Thalamus interprets and coordinates sensory informationDIRECTS INCOMING INFO TO APPROPRIATE AREAS
OF THE BRAIN
Hypothalamus coordinates activities between the nervous system and the endocrine system
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PonsHelps coordinate information passing between
the two regions of the cerebellum and the cerebellum and medulla oblongata
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Medulla OblongataThe posterior region, also known as the hind brain
Contains the nerve tract that runs from the higher brain centers to the spinal cord
Helps regulate involuntary muscle actionsPupil dilation
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Brain Games
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Occipital Lobe - Sight
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Pons and Corpus Callosum – two half coordination
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fi yuo cna raed tihs, yuo hvae a sgtrane mnid too Cna yuo raed tihs? Olny 55 plepoe out of 100 can.
i cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno't mtaetr in waht oerdr the ltteres in a wrod are, the olny iproamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it whotuit a pboerlm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Azanmig huh? yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt!
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The Boy with the Incredible Brain ( 1min)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LU9pcPDvQWg
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Kim Peek – The Real Rain Man (11 min)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2T45r5G3kA&feature=related
The Boy With the Incredible Brain- 2/5 (10 min)Daniel and Danehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfoGsXYLxcs
The Boy With the Incredible Brain (8 min)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Vs6R5YZQ3c