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The Structure and Study of The Structure and Study of Domestic TerrorismDomestic Terrorism

Chapter 14Chapter 14

Prepared by: Babette ProtzPrepared by: Babette Protz

Examining the History of Domestic Examining the History of Domestic TerrorismTerrorism

Gurr argues that terrorism is a tactic used by the Gurr argues that terrorism is a tactic used by the weak to intimidate the strong and in turn used by weak to intimidate the strong and in turn used by the strong to repress the weakthe strong to repress the weak

Terrorism in the 19Terrorism in the 19thth century was primarily aimed century was primarily aimed at protecting the status quo and economic at protecting the status quo and economic environmentenvironment

Labor movement of the late 19Labor movement of the late 19thth century was filled century was filled with violencewith violence

Frontier had its own form of violenceFrontier had its own form of violence Settlers developed their own brand of justiceSettlers developed their own brand of justice

Character of domestic terrorism began to change Character of domestic terrorism began to change in the 1960sin the 1960s Rooted in radical politics, nationalism, and the Rooted in radical politics, nationalism, and the

international community’s experience with terrorisminternational community’s experience with terrorism Domestic terrorism defined as a radical phenomenonDomestic terrorism defined as a radical phenomenon


Bell & Gurr – Political revolutionary groups Bell & Gurr – Political revolutionary groups and nationalistic groups in the U.S. took and nationalistic groups in the U.S. took their ideas from terrorists in the Middle East their ideas from terrorists in the Middle East and Asiaand Asia

U.S. terrorist groups did not have the same U.S. terrorist groups did not have the same impact as their foreign counterpartsimpact as their foreign counterparts American public rejected the violence of American public rejected the violence of

revolutionary groupsrevolutionary groups Popularity never fully achievedPopularity never fully achieved Ended up as small bands of social misfits with Ended up as small bands of social misfits with

little effect on the political systemlittle effect on the political system


According to Bell & Gurr – Two caveats According to Bell & Gurr – Two caveats with their conclusionwith their conclusion U.S. has avoided significant domestic terrorismU.S. has avoided significant domestic terrorism Nationalistic terrorists from Puerto Rico were Nationalistic terrorists from Puerto Rico were

more successful than revolutionaries at more successful than revolutionaries at launching terrorist campaignslaunching terrorist campaigns

Indigenous supportIndigenous support Gurr outlines three types of terrorismGurr outlines three types of terrorism

Vigilante terrorismVigilante terrorism Insurgent terrorismInsurgent terrorism Transnational terrorismTransnational terrorism


Vigilante Terrorism – growth of right-wing Vigilante Terrorism – growth of right-wing extremists extremists Ku Klux Klan, Christian Identity movement, and Ku Klux Klan, Christian Identity movement, and

other white supremacy organizationsother white supremacy organizations Insurgent Terrorism – aims to change Insurgent Terrorism – aims to change

political policies through direct threats or political policies through direct threats or action against the governmentaction against the government Black militants, white revolutionaries, Puerto Black militants, white revolutionaries, Puerto

Rican nationalistsRican nationalists Transnational Terrorism – non-indigenous Transnational Terrorism – non-indigenous

terrorists cross national bordersterrorists cross national borders Jihadist movement inside the U.S.Jihadist movement inside the U.S.

Problem of Understanding Problem of Understanding Terrorism in Law EnforcementTerrorism in Law Enforcement

American law enforcement is a localized American law enforcement is a localized affairaffair

Chiefs and sheriffs report to local boardsChiefs and sheriffs report to local boards State and federal agencies exercise law State and federal agencies exercise law

enforcement powerenforcement power Leads to confusion in preparing for terrorismLeads to confusion in preparing for terrorism

Agencies approach terrorism with their own Agencies approach terrorism with their own interpretationsinterpretations

Terrorism does not exist in most jurisdictionsTerrorism does not exist in most jurisdictions Police officers in the U.S. remain focused on local Police officers in the U.S. remain focused on local

issuesissues Terrorism is too exotic for most agenciesTerrorism is too exotic for most agencies

Classifying Terrorism as Normal Classifying Terrorism as Normal CrimeCrime

FBI labels the majority of domestic FBI labels the majority of domestic terrorist activities under the common titles terrorist activities under the common titles of crime in the Uniform Crime Report of crime in the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)(UCR) FBI became the only agency coordinating FBI became the only agency coordinating

thousands of U.S. police departments in a thousands of U.S. police departments in a counterterrorist directioncounterterrorist direction

Dyson reports nearly 300 terrorist Dyson reports nearly 300 terrorist incidents in the U.S. between September incidents in the U.S. between September 11, 2001 and December 200411, 2001 and December 2004 Greater number of bombings in the U.S. deals Greater number of bombings in the U.S. deals

with individual criminal vendettas and single-with individual criminal vendettas and single-issue terrorismissue terrorism

Confusing Hate Crime and Confusing Hate Crime and TerrorismTerrorism

Hate crime is frequently used in Hate crime is frequently used in conjunction with domestic terrorismconjunction with domestic terrorism Legal definition, not a manifestation of Legal definition, not a manifestation of

terrorismterrorism Hamm – hate crime is an illegal act Hamm – hate crime is an illegal act

designed to target a particular social designed to target a particular social groupgroup

Classifying Terrorism in Criminal Classifying Terrorism in Criminal JusticeJustice

A beat police officer is generally the first A beat police officer is generally the first responder to domestic terrorismresponder to domestic terrorism

Investigation techniques used in large, Investigation techniques used in large, sensationalized terrorist incidents are the same sensationalized terrorist incidents are the same as those used to investigate routine crimeas those used to investigate routine crime

Counterterrorism depends on the fundamentalsCounterterrorism depends on the fundamentals Good investigative skillsGood investigative skills Good interviewing techniquesGood interviewing techniques Understanding the context of the crimes Understanding the context of the crimes

investigatedinvestigated Terrorist behave differently, calling for increased Terrorist behave differently, calling for increased

intelligence, long term surveillance and informant intelligence, long term surveillance and informant developmentdevelopment

FBI Classification SystemFBI Classification System

FBI developed a general classification FBI developed a general classification system of domestic terrorism in the system of domestic terrorism in the 1980s1980s

Harris – summarized the FBI viewHarris – summarized the FBI view White leftistsWhite leftists Puerto Rican leftistsPuerto Rican leftists Black militantsBlack militants Right-wing extremistsRight-wing extremists Jewish extremistsJewish extremists

Types of groups defined by locationTypes of groups defined by location

FBI Classification SystemFBI Classification System Two categories cover the classification system and Two categories cover the classification system and

provide format for guiding investigationsprovide format for guiding investigations Domestic Terrorism (DT)Domestic Terrorism (DT)

Political extremism involves violent left and right-wing Political extremism involves violent left and right-wing extremistsextremists

Single issues include violent activities associated with Single issues include violent activities associated with debates over abortion, ecoterrorism, genetic engineeringdebates over abortion, ecoterrorism, genetic engineering

Lone wolves included in DT when actions are politically Lone wolves included in DT when actions are politically motivatedmotivated

International Terrorism (IT)International Terrorism (IT) Composed of three subsetsComposed of three subsets

State-sponsored terrorism State-sponsored terrorism Clearly defined autonomous groupsClearly defined autonomous groups JihadistsJihadists

Using the Classification SystemUsing the Classification System

Smith & Roberts – place terrorist groups Smith & Roberts – place terrorist groups into three broad categoriesinto three broad categories Right-wing extremistsRight-wing extremists Left-wing and single-issue terroristsLeft-wing and single-issue terrorists International terroristsInternational terrorists

Factor separating the average criminal Factor separating the average criminal from the average terrorist is motivationfrom the average terrorist is motivation

Terrorists remain criminalsTerrorists remain criminals Motivated by ideology, religion, or a political Motivated by ideology, religion, or a political

causecause Engage in activities avoided by most criminalsEngage in activities avoided by most criminals

Using the Classification SystemUsing the Classification System

As the government was improving its As the government was improving its counterterrorist tactics in 1985, U.S. counterterrorist tactics in 1985, U.S. terrorism grew to a high levelterrorism grew to a high level

Left-wing extremists remained a Left-wing extremists remained a viable entityviable entity

Left-wing extremists were typically Left-wing extremists were typically more loyal to their causes than were more loyal to their causes than were their right-wing counterpartstheir right-wing counterparts

Terrorist CharacteristicsTerrorist Characteristics

U.S. terrorists differ from their U.S. terrorists differ from their international counterpartsinternational counterparts Native-born U.S. terrorists tend to be Native-born U.S. terrorists tend to be

older than international terroristsolder than international terrorists Foreign operatives working in the U.S. Foreign operatives working in the U.S.

are also olderare also older With the exceptions of financing With the exceptions of financing

themselves, left and right-wing themselves, left and right-wing terrorists are quite differentterrorists are quite different

Left and Right-Wing TerroristsLeft and Right-Wing Terrorists Ideology and beliefs about human natureIdeology and beliefs about human nature

Left-wing favor Marxism Left-wing favor Marxism Right-wing terrorists are vehemently anti-Marxist and very Right-wing terrorists are vehemently anti-Marxist and very

religiousreligious Economic viewsEconomic views

Left-wing target economic status quoLeft-wing target economic status quo Right-wing support economic systemRight-wing support economic system

Geographic bases of supportGeographic bases of support Left-wing base themselves in urban environments Left-wing base themselves in urban environments Right-wing base themselves in rural areas Right-wing base themselves in rural areas

Selection of targetsSelection of targets Left-wing select symbolic targets of capitalismLeft-wing select symbolic targets of capitalism Right-wing focus attacks on governmental authorityRight-wing focus attacks on governmental authority

TacticsTactics Both groups use similar terrorist tacticsBoth groups use similar terrorist tactics

Left-Wing TerroristsLeft-Wing Terrorists Left-wing terrorists have remained the Left-wing terrorists have remained the

same from the 1960s to the presentsame from the 1960s to the present Left-wing groups tended to act in a Left-wing groups tended to act in a

coordinated fashioncoordinated fashion Evidence indicated they were linked Evidence indicated they were linked

internallyinternally U.S. left-wing terrorist groups include:U.S. left-wing terrorist groups include:

May 19 Communist Organization (M19CO)May 19 Communist Organization (M19CO) United Freedom Front (UFF)United Freedom Front (UFF) Evan Mecham Eco-Terrorist International Evan Mecham Eco-Terrorist International

Conspiracy (EMETIC)Conspiracy (EMETIC) Animal Liberation FrontAnimal Liberation Front

American Terrorism StudyAmerican Terrorism Study

Found common behavioral Found common behavioral characteristics surrounding terrorist characteristics surrounding terrorist eventsevents

Several domestic extremists advocated Several domestic extremists advocated the use of leaderless resistancethe use of leaderless resistance Incorporated in umbrella organizations Incorporated in umbrella organizations

such as Hezbollah, Egyptian Islamic Jihadsuch as Hezbollah, Egyptian Islamic Jihad Purpose of leaderless resistance is to Purpose of leaderless resistance is to

fight independent of other groupsfight independent of other groups


Damphousse & Smith – three measurable Damphousse & Smith – three measurable ideas ideas If groups are truly leaderless, groups should be If groups are truly leaderless, groups should be

smallersmaller Federal criminal cases should indicate that the number Federal criminal cases should indicate that the number

of defendants per terrorist case declinedof defendants per terrorist case declined If individuals are truly alone, they should be If individuals are truly alone, they should be

committing more crimes as they can only rely on committing more crimes as they can only rely on themselvesthemselves

If criminals are more committed, they should be If criminals are more committed, they should be less likely to cooperate with the governmentless likely to cooperate with the government


Damphousse & Smith – found evidence Damphousse & Smith – found evidence that may indicate leaderless resistance that may indicate leaderless resistance has affected terrorist activityhas affected terrorist activity Size of domestic terrorist groups has been Size of domestic terrorist groups has been

decreasing since 1992decreasing since 1992 May also indicate that the federal government is May also indicate that the federal government is

prosecuting cases differentlyprosecuting cases differently Terrorists are committing more crimesTerrorists are committing more crimes Found less plea bargaining among suspectsFound less plea bargaining among suspects

May be due to either a change in federal plea May be due to either a change in federal plea bargaining; orbargaining; or

Lone wolves cannot make deals because they do no Lone wolves cannot make deals because they do no have fellow criminals they can testify againsthave fellow criminals they can testify against

American Terrorism StudyAmerican Terrorism Study 48% of domestic terrorist attacks occur within 54 48% of domestic terrorist attacks occur within 54

miles of a suspect’s residencemiles of a suspect’s residence Domestic terrorists tend to operate close to their home Domestic terrorists tend to operate close to their home

basebase Most domestic terrorists are also recruited close to homeMost domestic terrorists are also recruited close to home

Cells operate for an average of 470 days prior to Cells operate for an average of 470 days prior to an incidentan incident This provides a key for counterterrorist investigationsThis provides a key for counterterrorist investigations

When a group prepares for an attack, they commit When a group prepares for an attack, they commit about four crimes prior to the attack 3 – 4 months about four crimes prior to the attack 3 – 4 months before the actual attackbefore the actual attack If law enforcement is aware of the types of crimes If law enforcement is aware of the types of crimes

terrorists commit – they are in a better position to stop terrorists commit – they are in a better position to stop an attackan attack

Jihadists in AmericaJihadists in America Jihadists appeared in the U.S. prior to the 9-11 Jihadists appeared in the U.S. prior to the 9-11

attack and remain active todayattack and remain active today Two types of Jihadist terrorist groupsTwo types of Jihadist terrorist groups Interaction of the two may create a third groupInteraction of the two may create a third group

First group is composed of international Jihadists First group is composed of international Jihadists who have come to the U.S. to launch an attack or who have come to the U.S. to launch an attack or engage in criminal activities to support Jihadist engage in criminal activities to support Jihadist terrorismterrorism

Second style is homegrown Jihadist groupSecond style is homegrown Jihadist group Americans who adopt the Jihadist philosophyAmericans who adopt the Jihadist philosophy

Third group is appearing – a hybrid combination of Third group is appearing – a hybrid combination of homegrown and foreign terroristshomegrown and foreign terrorists

International JihadistsInternational Jihadists Emerson – reports research supporting the Emerson – reports research supporting the

existence of a Jihadist terrorist existence of a Jihadist terrorist organization in the U.S.organization in the U.S. Emerson’s research group, Investigative Emerson’s research group, Investigative

Project, has gathered an array of reportsProject, has gathered an array of reports Many of the reports point to a Jihadist network inside Many of the reports point to a Jihadist network inside

U.S. bordersU.S. borders Homegrown Jihadists are appearing in the U.S. Homegrown Jihadists are appearing in the U.S.

Critics of Emerson argue thatCritics of Emerson argue that He is sloppy with factsHe is sloppy with facts He arrives at incorrect conclusions after major He arrives at incorrect conclusions after major

terrorist incidentsterrorist incidents He is Islamophobic He is Islamophobic

Homegrown JihadistsHomegrown Jihadists

Wahhabi missionaries covertly preach Wahhabi missionaries covertly preach religious militancy in America’s prisonsreligious militancy in America’s prisons

Homegrown Jihadists appear in different Homegrown Jihadists appear in different areasareas

Groups with limited understanding of Islam Groups with limited understanding of Islam or the Jihadist movement may become the or the Jihadist movement may become the greatest domestic threatgreatest domestic threat Self-recruited, self-motivated, and self-trainedSelf-recruited, self-motivated, and self-trained Only direct contact with the Jihadists is through Only direct contact with the Jihadists is through

the Internetthe Internet

Homegrown JihadistsHomegrown Jihadists

Homegrown terrorists are produced in Homegrown terrorists are produced in various waysvarious ways Born in the U.S.Born in the U.S. Immigrate and find themselves aloneImmigrate and find themselves alone

Gravitate to the Jihad to find a purpose in lifeGravitate to the Jihad to find a purpose in life Others leave the U.S. to join Jihadists overseasOthers leave the U.S. to join Jihadists overseas

Hybrid formHybrid form U.S. citizens recruited to train overseasU.S. citizens recruited to train overseas Normative U.S. Muslims radicalized in their Normative U.S. Muslims radicalized in their

mosquesmosques Muslims radicalized in foreign countries and Muslims radicalized in foreign countries and

return to the U.S.return to the U.S.

Nationalist Separatism: Puerto RicoNationalist Separatism: Puerto Rico

A number of revolutionary organizations in Puerto A number of revolutionary organizations in Puerto Rico embraced the nationalist terrorist campaignRico embraced the nationalist terrorist campaign

Puerto Rican terrorists have engaged in terrorist Puerto Rican terrorists have engaged in terrorist activities on U.S. soil since the 1950sactivities on U.S. soil since the 1950s Planned assassination of President Harry TrumanPlanned assassination of President Harry Truman Shooting at members of Congress in the House of Shooting at members of Congress in the House of

RepresentativesRepresentatives In 1998 the House of Representatives asked for a In 1998 the House of Representatives asked for a

binding vote to determine Puerto Rico’s statusbinding vote to determine Puerto Rico’s status 46% of Puerto Rican voters wanted statehood46% of Puerto Rican voters wanted statehood 3% wanted independence3% wanted independence 50% do not want to accept statehood, commonwealth 50% do not want to accept statehood, commonwealth

status or independencestatus or independence They did not say what they wantedThey did not say what they wanted

Right-Wing ViolenceRight-Wing Violence In the U.S. right-wing extremism has been around In the U.S. right-wing extremism has been around

since the 1700ssince the 1700s Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion

Anti-federal attitudes were common in the early Anti-federal attitudes were common in the early 1800s1800s Anti-Catholic, anti-Irish, and anti-immigrantAnti-Catholic, anti-Irish, and anti-immigrant

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)Ku Klux Klan (KKK) Operated in three phasesOperated in three phases

Terrorizing African AmericansTerrorizing African Americans 1920s sought political legitimacy1920s sought political legitimacy Collapsed in the wake of a criminal scandalCollapsed in the wake of a criminal scandal

Present day is dominated by hate filled rhetoricPresent day is dominated by hate filled rhetoric Development of modern KKK parallels growth of Development of modern KKK parallels growth of

right-wing extremism from 1930s to presentright-wing extremism from 1930s to present

Christian IdentityChristian Identity

Blend of Jewish and Christian biblical Blend of Jewish and Christian biblical passagespassages

Based on premise God was whiteBased on premise God was white Identity theology is based on conflict and Identity theology is based on conflict and

hatehate Christian Identity helped provide basis for Christian Identity helped provide basis for

violence among the extremistsviolence among the extremists Provided new twist to extremist movementProvided new twist to extremist movement Demonize JewsDemonize Jews

White people originated with GodWhite people originated with God Jews came from the devilJews came from the devil

Contemporary Right-Wing Contemporary Right-Wing Behavior, Belief, and TacticsBehavior, Belief, and Tactics

Right-wing extremism came to fruition around Right-wing extremism came to fruition around 1984 and has remained active since that time1984 and has remained active since that time

Issues holding the movement togetherIssues holding the movement together Right-wing tends to follow one of the extremist Right-wing tends to follow one of the extremist

religionsreligions The Name of God is usually invokedThe Name of God is usually invoked

The movement is dominated by belief in The movement is dominated by belief in conspiracy and conspiracy theoriesconspiracy and conspiracy theories

Followers feel they are losing economic status because of Followers feel they are losing economic status because of sinister forcessinister forces

Followers continue to embrace patriotism and gunsFollowers continue to embrace patriotism and guns They want to arm themselves for a holy warThey want to arm themselves for a holy war

Contemporary Right-Wing Contemporary Right-Wing Behavior, Belief, and TacticsBehavior, Belief, and Tactics

Stern – Three issues rejuvenated the extremist Stern – Three issues rejuvenated the extremist rightright The Brady Bill The Brady Bill Ruby Ridge standoffRuby Ridge standoff Branch Davidian siegeBranch Davidian siege

Religious messages changed in the 1990sReligious messages changed in the 1990s Patriotism and anti-Semitism as strong as the Christian Patriotism and anti-Semitism as strong as the Christian

Identity messageIdentity message Movement mutated after 9-11Movement mutated after 9-11

Following the pattern of international terrorist groups Following the pattern of international terrorist groups members of right-wing groups organized chains or hubsmembers of right-wing groups organized chains or hubs

Small groups operating autonomously engaging in more Small groups operating autonomously engaging in more individual violenceindividual violence

Right-Wing Conspiracies, Militias, Right-Wing Conspiracies, Militias, and the Call to Armsand the Call to Arms

1990s Nordic Christianity took root in 1990s Nordic Christianity took root in Michigan, Wisconsin, Montana, and IdahoMichigan, Wisconsin, Montana, and Idaho Claim to worship the Triune Christian DeityClaim to worship the Triune Christian Deity

Creatorism rejects Judaism and ChristianityCreatorism rejects Judaism and Christianity Claim the Creator left each race to fend for itselfClaim the Creator left each race to fend for itself Call for a racial holy war (RAHOWA)Call for a racial holy war (RAHOWA)

Free-Wheeling Fundamentalists include in its Free-Wheeling Fundamentalists include in its ranks a majority of right-wing extremistsranks a majority of right-wing extremists Federal and local governments are the enemyFederal and local governments are the enemy God will assist them in their confrontation of evilGod will assist them in their confrontation of evil


Militias thrive on conspiracy theoriesMilitias thrive on conspiracy theories Believe the U.S. government is leading the Believe the U.S. government is leading the

country into a single world governmentcountry into a single world government New World OrderNew World Order

Militias are generally issue orientedMilitias are generally issue oriented Groups gather around taxes, abortion, gun control, Groups gather around taxes, abortion, gun control,

and/or Christian Identityand/or Christian Identity Militias are almost always religiousMilitias are almost always religious

Rely on violent passages of Christian scripture as Rely on violent passages of Christian scripture as justificationjustification

Many militia members unable to cope with changes in Many militia members unable to cope with changes in the modern world are frustratedthe modern world are frustrated

May be extremists, but not necessarily terroristsMay be extremists, but not necessarily terrorists


Paramilitary groups consist of armed Paramilitary groups consist of armed civilian militias organized into a military civilian militias organized into a military mannermanner Operate on different levelsOperate on different levels

Freemen of MontanaFreemen of Montana Paramilitary groups come in a variety of Paramilitary groups come in a variety of

shapes and sizesshapes and sizes Most of their action is rhetoricalMost of their action is rhetorical

Third Position tried to unite left-wing Third Position tried to unite left-wing radicals and right-wing reactionariesradicals and right-wing reactionaries Both share hatred of government and large Both share hatred of government and large

corporations as well as distrust of the mediacorporations as well as distrust of the media Turner DiariesTurner Diaries

Decline of the Left and Rise of Decline of the Left and Rise of Single IssuesSingle Issues

Left-wing terrorist groups dominated Left-wing terrorist groups dominated terrorism in the U.S. from 1967-1985terrorism in the U.S. from 1967-1985 Riley & Hoffman – left-wing groups engaged in Riley & Hoffman – left-wing groups engaged in

symbolic violencesymbolic violence Intellectual elites controlled the movement Intellectual elites controlled the movement

Lost its base when student activism began to Lost its base when student activism began to disappear from American academic lifedisappear from American academic life

Government actions, improved police Government actions, improved police tactics, and lack of tolerations for violent tactics, and lack of tolerations for violent activities may have contributed to the activities may have contributed to the decline of left-wing terrorism in the U.S. and decline of left-wing terrorism in the U.S. and EuropeEurope

Decline of the Left and Rise of Decline of the Left and Rise of Single IssuesSingle Issues

Left-wing terrorism transformedLeft-wing terrorism transformed Ecological and animal-rights extremists have unitedEcological and animal-rights extremists have united

Variety of names Variety of names Myriad of extremist causesMyriad of extremist causes Focus on particular causesFocus on particular causes Individual harassment and property destructionIndividual harassment and property destruction

Earth Liberation Front (ELF)Earth Liberation Front (ELF) Monkey Wrench GangMonkey Wrench Gang

EcoterroristsEcoterrorists From 1995-1999, damages totaled $28.8MFrom 1995-1999, damages totaled $28.8M Destruction of animal research laboratories, sabotage Destruction of animal research laboratories, sabotage

against industrial equipment, raids against farmsagainst industrial equipment, raids against farms Ecology as surrogate religionEcology as surrogate religion Positions are contradictoryPositions are contradictory

Black Hebrew IsraelismBlack Hebrew Israelism Black Hebrew Israelism is an African American Black Hebrew Israelism is an African American

version of Christian Identityversion of Christian Identity Claims that black Africans were the original Claims that black Africans were the original

IsraelitesIsraelites Hulon Mitchell, Jr.Hulon Mitchell, Jr.

Nation of Yahweh Nation of Yahweh Demonized whites, called for their destructionDemonized whites, called for their destruction Beheaded members who tried to leaveBeheaded members who tried to leave

FBI indicated that it has the potential to become a FBI indicated that it has the potential to become a violent groupviolent group Critics argue that the FBI overreacted to a set of beliefsCritics argue that the FBI overreacted to a set of beliefs Others argue the FBI has identified dangerous violent Others argue the FBI has identified dangerous violent

religious trendsreligious trends

Anti-AbortionAnti-Abortion Abortion is a heated topicAbortion is a heated topic Most pro-lifers denounce violence as contradictory to their Most pro-lifers denounce violence as contradictory to their

beliefsbeliefs Violent pro-lifers justify their actions in the same manner as Violent pro-lifers justify their actions in the same manner as

other political extremistsother political extremists Manual of the Army of GodManual of the Army of God

Nice – abortion clinic bombings are related to several social Nice – abortion clinic bombings are related to several social factorsfactors Most occurred in expanding areas of population (urban areas)Most occurred in expanding areas of population (urban areas) Abortion bombers feel compelled to act by social and political Abortion bombers feel compelled to act by social and political

circumstancescircumstances Individuals who kill abortion doctors felt murders were necessary Individuals who kill abortion doctors felt murders were necessary

to make a political statementto make a political statement Abortion debate represents a political issue with positions Abortion debate represents a political issue with positions

identified by militant extremesidentified by militant extremes Perfect example of terrorismPerfect example of terrorism

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