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The Big 4! For HeifersUnderstanding and Preventing Heifer LamenessA. Gomez
Zinpro Corporation
Hoof Trimming
Bone and
Ligaments
Hoof Horn
DiseasesDigital
DermatitisMetabolic
Adapatation
Growth and
Development
Transition
ManagementHygiene
UBC Cow Comfort Audit
Survey(Von Keyserlingk et al., JDS 95: 7399-7408, 2012)
ParameterBritish
ColumbiaCalifornia
New
York/Pennsyl
vania
N 42 39 40
Mean Herd Size 170 1,796 826
High Group Lameness
Prevalence % (>2, 5-pt
scale)28 31 55
% Severe Lame (4 and 5) 7.1 3.6 8.2
Hock Injuries % 42 56 81
Mean Lying Time (h/d) 11 10.4 10.6
305ME lb (kg)25,815
(11,734)
26,464
(12,029)
26,924
(12,238)
½
LAME?
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2
5 most common lesionsa:
Clinical Cases
0
5
10
15
20
%
Días en Leche
Lactation 1 Lactation 2 Lactation 3+
a Number of lesions differs across DIM range for Lact 1, Lact 2 and Lact 3+, P < 0.01DG - 1238
Foot Rot Occurrence
0
5
10
15
20
%
de v
acas
rev
isad
as
DIM
Lactacion 1 Lactacion 2 Lactation 3+
DG - 1231
DD in heifers?
1000 VL Holstein. Logettes avec sable recyclé
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11
Nu
mb
er
of
Ev
en
ts
Lactation Number
Digital Dermatitis Purulence Ulcer
DC - 445
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3
300 €
Hoof Trimming
Hoof Horn
DiseasesDigital
DermatitisMetabolic
Adapatation
Transition
Management
Hygiene
Bone and
Ligaments
Growth and
Development
Hoof Wall
Pedal Bone
Digital CushionCorium
Deep Flexor
Tendon
Hoof Sole
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When do we
start creating
and feeding
our best
replacement
heifers?...
HERE!
Effect of maternal lactation embryogenesis on
adult performance
González-Recio O, Ugarte E, Bach A (2012) Trans-Generational Effect of Maternal Lactation during Pregnancy: A Holstein Cow
Model. PLoS ONE 7(12): e51816. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051816
http://127.0.0.1:8081/plosone/article?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0051816
= Level of NON LACTATING COWS (Reference)
Milk Yield Life Span Fat/Protein Ratio
Nutrition Before Birth - THE DAM
Nutrition Before Birth - Why the Dam…
1. Nutrient Partitioning
2. Mineral Deposition
3. Embrio Development
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5
30
31
32
33
34
35
0 1 2 3 4 5
Wit
he
r H
eig
ht,
in
Week
CI CZPM AI AZPM
Effect Of Plane Of Nutrition And Trace Mineral
Source On Wither Height Of Dairy Bull Calves
DAIRY CALF STUDY – U OF IL
33
34
35
36
37
6 7 8 9
Wit
he
r H
eig
ht,
in
Week
Liquid Stage Weaning Stage
PN x TM (P < 0.05)
ZPM vs. I (P < 0.05)PN x TM (P < 0.05)
DRP - 135
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
Normal Mild Moderate Severe Deformed
Nu
mb
er
of
Bu
lls
Poor Fertility
Control
Persson et al. 2007. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 49:31
STRUCTURAL SOUNDNESS
Number Of Bulls With Joint Lesions
Graded As Normal To Deformed
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
Normal Mild Moderate Severe Deformed
Nu
mb
er
of
Bu
lls
Poor Fertility: 2 yr
Control: 4.5 yr
Persson et al. 2007. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 49:31
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LONG BONE DEVELOPMENT
(Spiral Fracture in Turkeys)
PT - 110
Proportion Of Tom Turkey Mortality
Due To Femur Spiral Fracture
PT - 109
43z
10y
3y
0
10
20
30
40
50
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f M
ort
ality
Du
e
to S
pir
al
Fra
ctu
re,
%
Sulfatea Treatment 1 Treatment 2
Hoof Trimming
Hoof Horn
DiseasesDigital
DermatitisMetabolic
Adapatation
Transition
Management
Hygiene
Bone and
Ligaments
Growth and
Development
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TRIMMING AND DD
• TOO LITTLE ?
◦ STEP 3/MODELLING
◦ CHRONIC LESIONS
◦ TOE NECROSIS/HAIRY ATTACK
• TOO MUCH ?
◦ OVER TRIMMING OF THE TOE
◦ OVER TRIMMING OF HEALTHY CORION
Let’s Trim
How much can we trim?
How much can we trim?
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-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
11
83
55
26
98
61
03
120
137
154
171
188
205
222
239
256
273
290
307
324
341
358
375
392
409
426
443
460
477
494
511
528
545
562
579
596
613
630
647
Gro
wth
an
d W
ear
(mm
)
Growth, Wear and Net Growth for 650 Heifers for 1 - 6 months follow-up period
Wear
Growth
Net Growth
61% HEIFERS HAD A NEGATIVE GROWTH
TRIMMING Too Much?
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1525354045
Lateral Toe Profile
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
15 25 35 40 45
Medial Toe Profile
Distance from lateral hoof wall (mm)
Dis
tan
ce
fro
m h
ori
zo
nta
l lin
e-f
loo
r (m
m)
Trauma Pedal Bone
Gomez et al. 2015
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TRIMMING AND DD
• TOO LITTLE ?
◦ STEP 3/MODELLING
◦ CHRONIC LESIONS
◦ TOE NECROSIS/HAIRY ATTACK
• TOO MUCH ?
◦ OVER TRIMMING OF THE TOE
◦ OVER TRIMMING OF HEALTHY CORION
Second Example…
STEP 3 - RANDOMIZED TRIAL
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Right Foot Left Foot
Am
ou
nt
of
Mo
de
lin
g o
n t
he
L
ate
ral
To
e (
% t
ota
l w
idth
) Large Modeling
Short Modeling
(N= 121)
(N= 103)
TYPE OF STEP 3
LARGE SHORT
n Healthy DD n Healthy DD
# of cows with
lesions121 110 12 103 90 18
% over total 90 10 82 17*
TRIMMING AND DD – Too Little?
* P-value 0.01
A larger step 3 of the lateral toe reduced the occurrence of DD
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Hoof Trimming
Hoof Horn
DiseasesDigital
DermatitisMetabolic
Adapatation
Transition
Management
Hygiene
Bone and
Ligaments
Growth and
Development
Digital Dermatitis (DD)…
Pictures Cows Chiavassa95 % DD !
70 % DD !
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Active Treponema spp.
Cystic
Treponema spp.
Encystation Spirochetes
Pictures Cows Chiavassa
HEIFERS!
HEIFERS!
HEIFERS!
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METHODES - PROTOCOLE
PREMIERE LACTATION
VELAGE TARISSEMENT
>305 jours de suivi
FIN ETUDE: MARS 2014
Vélages de : DECEMBRE 2011- NOVEMBRE
2012
GénissesClassées en
Type I, II, III au Vélage
Élevage
DD = - 335 L
RESULTS – MILK PRODUCTION
~ 335 KG + 200 KG
1160011700118001190012000121001220012300124001250012600
Cow DD Cow NO DD Cow NO DDAVAILA-PLUS
Milk
Pro
duction (
kg
) in
305
days
Milk production during the first lactation by DD occurrence before calving
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Type I Type II Type III
% c
ow
s trim
med
3+ DD
2 DD
1 DD
No DD
RRisk = 5 (3-8)
67%
RRisk = 13 (8-21)
13%
45%
Results – DD Lesions During the first Lactation(n)
Conception Rate 1st AI
Mean OR (95% IC)
Days Open
Mean (SD) DIFF
Type I 42 % Reference 132 (73) Reference
Type II 36 % 0.82 (0.52, 1.26) 134 (73) 0.4 (-16, 17)
Type III 29% 0.55 (0.33, 0.89)** 157 (90) 25 (5, 43)***
** p-value <0.05 *** p-value<0.01
Results – Reproductive Performance
THE IDEAL HOOFBATH?
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Field Observation Sites, Change In Digital Dermatitis Prevalence After ~ 150 d Of
Supplementation With specific Formula
DD FIELD OBSERVATION PROJECT
a Site 5 did not have 160 d evaluation as heifers went on pasture prior to the 160 d evaluation;
All but one site that started on the product continued using the product; Represents data from ~ 9250
animals
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
DD
Pre
vale
nce,
%
1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Average
> 60%
HEIFERS and DIGITAL DERMATITIS
1.PEDILUVE
2.TREATMENT PRÉCOCE
3.NUTRITION
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
1.J
uly
20
11
2.A
ug
20
11
3.S
ep 2
01
1
4.O
ct 2
011
5.N
ov
20
11
6.D
ec 2
01
1
7.J
an 2
01
2
8.F
eb 2
01
2
9.M
ar 2
01
2
10
.Ap
r 2
01
2
11
.May
20
12
12
.Ju
n 2
012
13
.Ju
l 20
12
14
.Au
g 2
012
15
.Se
p 2
01
2
. M
ay 2
01
4
%
DD Infection Evolution after a successful prevention program
N= 214 180 246 366 424 524 502 530 448 540 282 412 258 178 92 227
% animals with Active DD
% animlas with Proliferative DD
% animals with Chronic DD
Hoof Trimming
Hoof Horn
DiseasesDigital
DermatitisMetabolic
Adapatation
Transition
Management
Hygiene
Bone and
Ligaments
Growth and
Development
Managing Transition Cows for
Profitability [Summary US Transition
Management Surveys]
1. Dry Matter Intake. Bunkspace, prefresh & fresh pen.
(Avoiding Heat Stress)
2. Comfortable resting space. (Avoiding Heat Stress)
3. Limiting social interactions. Move to calving pen (≤2 days >
3+ days)
4. Absence of Disease. Constant BCS.
5. Zero Lameness
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Newsome 2016, JDS
Why do we see lameness coming from multiple
reasons?
INFLAMMATION !!
HUMANS AN EXAMPLELigaments And Tendons…
IMMUNE SYSTEM → KEY POINT FOR
REGENERATION
Sole Thickness by DIM
1. Heifer LMS do not follow this pattern
2. Suggestive of causality but lesions were not
identified
a Newsome et al, 2017b
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Lameness Problem Early Lactation
(Locomotion Score)
LMS 5 wk
Before
Calving
1 2 3 4 5
Cows 36% 45% 14% 5% 0%
Heifers 87% 22% 1% 0% 0%
LMS Early
Fresh1 2 3 4 5
Cows 21% 32% 26% 11% 11%
Hefers 26% 47% 21% 5% 0%
Reduction In DMI And Digestive Upsets
(SARA, HBS, Hindgut …)!!!!
Intestinal Integrity - DMI - Inflammation
1553 – 483 = 1070 gr/12h
(6015- 1871 = 4144 Kcal/12h)
GLUCOSE FOR IMMUNITY !!!!
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a Duarte et al, CJPS. 2004
Level of
MD
A
(Malo
nyl
Dia
lde
hyd
e,
Cell
Death
)
Increased Standing Time, lnsulin Resistance
And Lower DMIa
0
500
1000
1500
2000
No Hypoxia Hypoxia
GLUCOSE
NO GLUCOSE
Summary…
GOAL LAME HEIFERS IN CLOSE UP PEN
0%
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Heifer Hoof Health prevention!!!
o Heifer Lameness Prevention starts with the Dam and early growth
o Trim heifers APPROPIATELY to adapt to new facilities and lactation
o Set a goal to « eliminate » Digital Dermatitis in heifers
o Use nutritional strategies to prevent Infectious and Non-Infectious hoof heifer lesions
MERCI!