Download - The-Aquaponics-Guidebook
The
Aquaponics Guidebook
Aquaponics is proven worldwide as the most efficient and
sustainable way to grow food, on any scale.
Now, you can do it, starting today. Bevan Suits
Packed with web
links that take
you to the coolest
aquaponics sites on
the globe! Access
to hardware too!
Now selling
worldwide!
VOLUME 1
2nd EDITION
INTERACTIVE PDF EDITION!
Access to Personal Agriculture
“Somewhere between a multiversity textbook and DIY magic carpet”
Sequatchie Valley Institute
“All of us who value developing
workable solutions for a
sustainable future should read
this book.”Natural Life Network
“Hours of reading and learning are guaranteed!”
Aquaponics Europe
“The ultimate inspiration for
anyone interested by the idea
of producing vegetables and
raising fish on a micro-scale
and in a sustainable way”The Ecologist Magazine, London
Contents
Dedication
About This Book
Good Reasons for Aquaponics
Aquaponics Gallery
Introducing Aquaponics 1
Aquaponics Models 5 Nitrogen Cycle 6 A Basic Drip System 7 The Ebb & Flow System 8 The Hydroponic Raft System 9 The UVI System 10
Equipment / Media 11 Container Gallery 12 Pump 13 DO = Aeration 14 Heater 15 Plumbing 16 Lights 17 Water, Testing for Quality 18 Roots, Grow Media 19 Bacteria Rule 20 Growing Fish 21 An Affinity for Fish 22 Choosing Tilapia 24 Other Species 25 Tilapia Wellness 26 Food, Growth 27 A Home-built System 28 Getting Started 29 System Start-up 30 System Balance 31
Personal Agribusiness 32 Plant Farming 33 Thinking Production 34 Planning, Education, Finance 35 Grow Sell Eat Local 36
Scaling Up 37 Sheltering the System 38 Outside the Box 39 Technology, Community 40
Culturing the System 41
Resources 45 Interactive, North America 46 Interactive, Australia, Africa 47 Research Links 48
The Last Page 49
Picture Credits 50
Click to advance to selected page.
FAST, South Carolina
FAST, South Carolina
FAST, Kenya University of the Virgin Islands
Red Heeler, AustraliaGrowing Power, Milwaukee Growing Power, Milwaukee
Sustainable Design Group, Atlanta Nelson & Pade, Montello, WI Murray Hallam, Queensland, Australia
Aquaponics Gallery Aquaponics is growing fish and plants in one system, with fish waste feeding the plants. It works in many variations of scale and form, though the basic concept does not change: Fish, bacteria and plants working together in a recirculating, soil-less system. It resembles a living organism, with a heart (the pump) and lungs (aeration). The bacteria remove waste like the kidneys and the liver. It will teach you a lot about food and this ecosystem we call home.
Build a small system. Then you will want to build a larger one., because it’s simple and it works.
Click on images to visit websites.
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Replace an aquarium filter with a pot of gravel. Put a plant in the pot. Let it drain back into the aquarium. That’s aquaponics, boiled down to its simplest form.
Now, consider it on a bigger scale: An above-ground swimming pool with 3000 gallons of water. 4-foot wide grow bed trenches and lined with rubber, stretching 100 feet. Out of this system a staggering amount of vegetables and fish protein can be produced, to be consumed, traded or sold. Inputs are fish food, electricity and a modest amount of maintenance.
Or how about this: Water from a fish pond is pumped up hill and filtered down through gravel grow beds. The clean water trickles back into the pond. Nothing is wasted. The excess nutrients provide a valuable crop.
Aquaponics is simple and it works.
It’s also curious that it hasn’t caught on in a bigger way, for all the clear and imme-diate benefits it provides.
Consider the Benefits:
Aquaponics is a highly efficient organic food growing system that produces a com-plete diet and requires no expensive or complex equipment.
With a clear understanding of how the components fit together, you can start putting a system together quickly.
It begins to deliver produce in just a few short weeks.
Only a modest amount of fresh water is needed, as the water for the plants is continuously circulated. Only water lost to evaporation is replaced. You can provide your own fish food supply in the form of worms, insects and aquatic duckweed (for tilapia).
Tilapia are the preferred aquaculture species worldwide. They taste great, grow fast, are very hardy and tolerate crowding. They grow from tiny fingerlings to one-pounders in about 8 months. A 500 gallon tank can produce 250 pounds of live fish, which go for about $5 per pound, retail.
Greens such as basil and lettuce will grow from seedlings to harvest in about 6 weeks. In a southern, 6 month growing season, that’s about 4 easy harvests. Basil wholesales for about $10 per pound.
If you add a greenhouse or other indoor growing environment with supplemental grow lights, you can grow year-round.
Introducing Aquaponics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Personal agriculture
is very important for
shaping our future
economy and environ-
ment. We used to have
an economy based on
food production.
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A Basic Drip SystemEach component of an aquaponic system can be grouped as a:
• Container Fish Tank, Grow Bed
• Connector Tubing, Valves, Pumps, Filters, Bulkheads
• Medium Water, Gravel (for plants & bacteria)
• Organism People, Plants, Fish, Bacteria
• Nutrient Fish Food, Fish Waste, Nitrogen, Oxygen, CO2
ORGANISMCONNECTOR
CONNECTOR
NUTRIENT
CONTAINER
CONTAINER
MEDIUM
CONNECTOR
MEDIUM
NUTRIENT
ORGANISM
ORGANISM NUTRIENT
ORGANISM
You could add Heat and Light asENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS andElectricity as POWER SOURCE.
This system is basic drip irrigation, with 1/8” holes drilled into the tube. . A mesh pump bag will help prevent clogging.Alternately you can add emitters, which are valves on a stick, that bring the water to each plant.
Plant
Grow tray
Gravel
Valve & Bulkhead
Water
Air
Fish Waste Fish Tank Pump
Tubing You
Bacteria
Fish Food
PUMP
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The Heart of Your System
Aquaponics relies on a pump. If the pump fails, the fish could die quickly, so plan to have a battery-powered backup aerator at all times (shown on page 14). The aerator will help to oxidize the ammonia until the power returns. The need for this increases as your system grows.
You need to move a certain amount of water through your tank each hour. Pumps are measured according to their GPH (Gallons per Hour) or GPM (Gallons per Minute). The pressure they produce at certain height above the pump is the “head”. The higher the water is pumped, the lower the pressure. Head pressure is measured in PSI (Pounds per Square Inch).
Pump types include submersible, (at the bottom of the tank), or in-line which sits outside the tank, the water line coming in and going out.
Water Pump Performance Curves
Pump
A submersible pump sits on the bottom of your tank. The screen prevents small fish from getting stuck to the inlet and dying.
TOTA
L H
EAD
GALLONS PER HOUR (GPH)
An in-line pump connects to the tubing between the fish tank and the grow bed. It is more powerful but costs more money.
A pump performace chart tells you how much water you can pump to what height. This chart compares three different pumps. The height of the outlet is called ‘head’.With the outlet at 12 feet, this
pump can move 0 gallons of waterper hour. 12 feet is the limit of this pump.
With the outlet at the same level as the pump (a total head of 0), this pump will move about 1350 gallons per hour.
With the outlet at 10 feet, this pump will move about 600 gal-lons of water per hour.
1’
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
2’
3’
4’
5’
6’
7’
8’
9’
10’
11’
12’
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Roots Grow Media
Extending from roots are root hairs. This micro-environment is where everything comes together, the
biochemical soup converting into plant flesh. The roots benefit from the large amount of air and nutrients that
flow through a soilless system. This enables greens such as basil and lettuce grow from seedling to harvest in as
little as 4 weeks.
Actual Size
Actual Size
Actual Size
Kaldnes, from Norway, is designed for wastewater treatment as an ideal environment for bacteria. It is an excellent biomedia for your biofilter. Though somewhat expensive, it provides maximum surface area for microbial growth while still allowing space for air and water to flow. At the same time, bacteria is protected from abrasive action as the plastic pieces are circulated in water.
A good mix of grow media allows nitrification to take place, where the ammonia from fish waste is converted by bacteria into useful nitrogen.
In theory, just about any clean, inert and loose material can
be a grow media. Shredded tires and
packing peanuts are being studied.
Expanded clay, such as Hydroton, Viastone and other brands, are used in soilless systems for their ability to hold roots and provide a good home for bacteria. The pebbles are porous and light. They allow plenty of water, air and nutrients to reach the roots. A large bag costs about $35, so it is most cost-effective when mixed with less expensive gravel.
Permatil by Stalite is expanded slate. It is used as a
soil additive for gardens but is an excellent grow medium for aquaponics because of its
light weight, high surface area and relatively low cost. Mix it 50/50 with low-cost pea
gravel.
If you use municipal water in your system, remember that it contains
chlorine that kills beneficial bacteria..
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One hundred years ago, growing food was part of our culture. Now you can help bring it back with an aquaponics system. The fish of choice is tilapia.
Aquaponics is eco-technology on a backyard scale, a living, breathing machine with its own heart, lungs, kidneys and liver. It begins and ends with the fish. The fish of choice is tilapia.
Learning to raise fish for food is one of the most sustainable or “green” things we can do, beyond buying a hybrid vehicle, because it represents a cultural shift in the right direction, back to self-reliance and productivity.
Grow system technologies also bring communities together. The abundance of food produced will help open doors in neighborhoods. A garden may have admir-ers, but a growing system will draw a crowd. A fish harvest festival may be the best reward of all.
Once you decide to create a small aquaponics system of 100 fish or less, you can go online and discover vast amounts of information: Hobbyists, breeders, researchers, recipes, equipment dealers, economic statistics, etc. This is because farmed fish, especially tilapia, are a driving force of the world’s food economy. They are easy to raise, grow fast and taste great. You can do it.
There is both art and science to raising fish. The art is in the intuitive nurtur-ing that we know as gardeners, pet owners and parents. There is a lot of creative freedom in putting your system together and making it fit your space, conducting experiments out of curiosity. The fish are beautiful to watch. Seeing plants grow so quickly is encouraging. Hearing the splash of flowing water is relaxing. This is technology that feels right, a model of an ecosystem.
The science is in observing, measuring and controlling the many variables that keep your system in balance. The good news is that in starting small, the critical numbers are fewer and easier to manage. Once you have the feel and experience of a working system, scaling up becomes more feasible.
Before long your system will be in balance and thriving. Young fish need several feedings per day, so you many need an automated fish feeder.
As the fish grow, you will want to divide the fish tank or add extra tanks for differ-ent sized fish to separate the larger ones, giving the smaller stock a chance to grow. Your fish will start to grow quickly and you’ll be planning what to do with them and looking ahead to starting a new batch, learning to stagger their production. Your success will give you confidence.
After you grow succesfully with aquaponics, you may feel like an expert, but it’s
An Affinity for FishFish as Livestock
“Hunger caused
by climate change
may be the defin-
ing human tragedy
of this century.”
- OXFAM
June 2009
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Too few plants Per volume of fish...
Too much nitrate returns to fish
Not enough ammoniato nourish plants
Too little media Per volume of fish...Too much ammonia
returns to fish
Enough biomediaEnough fish
Enough plants
LESS MEDIA /MANY FISH
BALANCE
FEW PLANTS / MANY FISH
FEW FISH /MANY PLANTS
System Balance
A Balanced SystemHere you have many fish producing a good amount of
ammonia. The biomedia in filter and grow bed is adequate to convert it to nitrates. There are enough plants to absorb all
the nitrates. Water returns clean to the fish tank.
Not Enough Biomedia / Grow MediaHere is the same amount of fish with a small amount of
biomedia to convert ammonia to nitrates. The water is mostly unfiltered, so too much ammonia returns to the tank.
Solution: Add a biofilter or more grow media so the bacteria can do its work. Remember that it takes time for bacteria
culture to develop on new media.
Not Enough PlantsThe same amount of fish with adequte biomedia but too few
plants to take up the nitrates. Too much nitrate returns to the fish tank. Not dangerous but unhealthy.
Solution: Add more plants to soak up the extra nitrates.
Not Enough Fish or Too Much WaterA small amount of fish, or too much water, with enough
biomedia and enough plants. There is not enough ammonia being produced for the plants to grow well.
Solution: Add more fish or grow fewer plants.
Understanding Key Ratios Helps You to Troubleshoot
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Thinking ProductionWhat if you could make steady income with aquaponics and even finance your equipment?
We have been a consumer culture for so long that most of us have forgotten that growing is a business. If you can deliver a steady volume of quality produce, you can count on selling it, which greatly affects how to think about aquaponics.
On page 10 you can see a spreadsheet for a large-scale operation that brought in a lot of money from a few thousand square feet of growing space. Even if you only have a fraction of that space, you should know what sells, at what price, and at what time of year. Eggplant, for example, wholesales in some markets today for around $18 per bushel. The price is higher in cold months.
In the spreadsheet below you can see that a 10’ x 10’ basil bed has the potential to generate up to $1500 per month, at $10 per pound and ideal growing conditions.
Of course if everyone is growing basil the price starts to drop and you have to find another crop, which is simple agricultural economics. Hobby gardeners tend to forget this because we are conditioned to think of a single five-month growing period, a harvest in September, with dozens of tomatoes and squash eaten, given away or left to rot. With aquaponics you gain so much efficiency over traditional gardening that someone with even a modest amount of growing space can become a reliable supplier to wholesalers, restaurants, groceries and co-ops. There may also be emerging crop markets for (legal) medicinal herbs for Asian communities and other groups. There are likely other valuable markets remaining to be discovered or even created. Who will get there first and cash in?
How to Do It
You don’t need an MBA to become an aquaponics business person. Just find out who wants what, how much they want and what they are willing to pay. You can do it like a CSA (Consumer Supported Agriculture), recruiting families to subscribe. Or you can talk to owners of high-end restaurants and restaurant chains, grocery stores and wholesale distributors. Make some calls, promote yourself. Being the first one in is very important.
The Word on Organic
The USDA jury is still out on organic certification for hydroponics/aquaponics. If you feed your fish certified organic fish food, duckweed, earthworms, without any antibiotics or hormones, it may be technically organic but you can’t sell it as such until you get the stamp. The links on the right provide more in-depth information. A decision is likely in November of 2009.
Pro Forma Basil Revenue
Crop Pounds per Square Foot
Grow PeriodTypical Wholesale Price per Pound
Net Revenue per 100 Square Ft
Basil 1 - 1.5 4 - 6 weeks $10 $1000 - $1500 Growing Edge Magazine, Basil Stats
Local Harvest Network
USDA Organic 1
USDA Organic 2
Source: Growing Edge Magazine
Your Produce Has a Dollar Value
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Morning Star Fishermen
Friendly Aquaponics
Auburn ALEARN
Growing Power
Ocean Arks
Freshwater Institute
Nelson & Pade
FAST
UVIS&S Aqua Farm
Acuaponia
Portable Farms
Flying Fish
Kirby Peak
Vancouver Island U
Crop Diversification
Floating Gardens
Grow Foods
Interactive Tour Page
North America
This PDF edition features hyperlinks.By clicking the names, the websites of these featured aquaponics specialists will open in your browser.
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Research Links
USDA Defines Sustainable Agriculture
Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education
Alternative Farming Systems Information Center
Cooperative State Research, Education & Extension Service
Western Sustainable Agriculture
Sustainable Urban Gardens
Denver Urban Gardens
Milwaukee Urban Gardens
Urban Garden Magazine
Growing Edge Magazine
Farmer John’s CSA, Angelic Organics
Atlanta’s Farmer D
Food Inc, The Movie
ALEARN, Auburn University Aquaculture Extension
American Tilapia Association
The Fish Site, Aquaculture Stats on Tilapia
Mississippi State, Stats on Tilapia
Whole Foods Corporate Values
Slow Food Movement
Local Harvest Network
Food Routes, Knowing Where Food Comes From
National Family Farm Coalition
Just Food in New York City
Urban Gardens DC
Philadelphia Urban Gardens
Urban Habitat Chicago
Urban Gardens Los Angeles
Seattle Tilth