Download - The Ancient World
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The Ancient World
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I. Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)1 million years B.C.
A. History1. Hunters/gatherers2. Discoveries &
developmentsa. Fireb. Clothingc. Techniques for
hunting/gathering
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d. Simple social organization
e. Religion—perhaps as early as 100,000 B.C.
f. Notions of selfhood & individuality
g. Awareness of death & burial
h. Art to express themselves
i. System of notation—30,000 B.C.—Spain to Russia
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3. Ice Agesa. Great shifts
in climateb. Three
interglacial periods
c. Drops in sea level (Britain & Scandinavia joined Europe)
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B. Art1. 30,000 to 15,000 B.C.—
cave etchings
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2. Woman of Willendorf—Venus figurine
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a. In burial sites in a 1,100 mile band from western
France to central Russiab. Fertility symbolc. Vitality in obesityd. Realism in folds and
contours— “sophisticated balance in symbolic
overstatement”e. Mystical
significance of womanhood
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3. Cave of Lascauxa. Discovery made
by children in 1940
b. Main hall (Hall of bulls)— montage of larger-than-life bulls, horses,
deer, and one
mythological creature—up to 12’
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c. Powerful, grand, warm in color
d. Created over a long period of time with
overall effect of a single, dramatic, communicative
work
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II. Neolithic Age(New Stone Age)8,000 to 3,000 B.C.
A. History1. Crops2. Stone tool
improvement3. Pottery & textiles4. Small villages
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B. Civilization1. Metal work2. Monumental
architecture3. Writing4. Centralized
bureaucracies5. Social classes
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III. MesopotamiaA. Sumer—6,000 B.C.
1. Religiona. Permeated
Sumerian lifeb. Found in the
Gilgamesh epic—7th century B.C.
1) episodic tale of hero’s adventure
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2) based on historical rules of Erech or Uruk
3) description of flood which parallels story
of Noahc. Developed
pantheon of gods—2250 B.C.
1) ensured harvest
2) took human form
3) Ishtar—goddess of love and procreation
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4) city gods5) elaborate
rituals6) dismal
afterworld requiring earthly
possessions7) ritual suicides
2. Developmentsa. Writing
1) most important Sumerian
contribution
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2) pictures indicating syllabic sound
3) baked into clay4) stabilizing
effect on society
b. Technology1) bronze2) glass3) wheel
a) math based on 60
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b) timec) circlesd) thus—
architectural progress
e) thus—brick-
makingf) thus—
potter’s wheel
g) thus—wheel for transportation
(3,000 B.C.)
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3. arta. Depictions of
kings in acts of devotion
b. The Tell Asmar statues
1) temple god statues
2) suggest dignity despite crude
execution3) lines which
point to the heart
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4) suggestive of prayer
5) cone or cylindrical shape typical of
Sumerian style6) eyes
a) largeb)
expressivec) source
of power
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d) windows of the soul
e) “all-seeing vigilance” of the gods
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Standing Male Worshipper from Tell Asmar
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4. Musica. Stringed
instrumentb. Probably lyrical,
soft, and restrained
5. Babylon—1700 B.C.a. Considered the
“hub” of the world
b. Sumerian cities along the Tigris & Euphrates
1) Nineveh
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2) Aleppoc. Hammurabi and
the law1) rigid class
system2) “eye for an
eye”B. Assyria
1. Babylon plundered by northern Assyrians—1000 B.C.
2. Citadel at Dur Sharrukin
a. Sargon II—722 B.C.
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b. 250, 000 square feet
c. Image of the
cosmos