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The Americas in the Age of Independence
Chapter 30
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Intro: The Building of American States• U.S.: expansion, lots of diversity, issues -> Civil War• Canada: independence without war, diversity,
powerful provinces• Latin America: very diverse, politically fragmented,
problems
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The U.S.: Westward Expansion and Civil War
• Gained land from Britain and France• Manifest Destiny: expansion to Pacific– Conflicts with Native Americans: Indian Removal Act
of 1830, Plains Indians• Tension with Mexico: Mexican-American War
over Texas -> gained lots of territory• Regional tension: slavery, north/south, new territories
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The U.S. Civil War• Abraham Lincoln is anti-slavery, but there are other
issues (states’ rights, consequences, dual economies)
• 1860-61: southern states secede and isolate -> war• 1863: Emancipation Proclamation • 1865: 13th amendment abolished slavery• Results: ended slavery, ensured unification, enhanced federal gov’t’s authority
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The Canadian Dominion• Brief history: colonized by British and French
trappers -> New France -> British (after 7 Years War), but more French until loyalists fled the U.S. and lots of tension
• War of 1812: US vs. Britain, with Canada as front line (invasion failed)
• Rapid growth: English migrants = more tension with French
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The Canadian Dominion (cont.)• 1840-67: Britain expanded home rule and
increased provincial gov’t power (=model for British imperialism and self-rule)
• 1867: unified eastern areas as Dominion of Canada (with strong provincial gov’ts and federal gov’t)
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Latin America• Bolivar had tried to unify but failed• Post-indep. gov’ts: republics with constitutions
run by creole elites (less experience in self-gov’t than U.S.)
• In some, stability was elusive• Non-creoles had no role in gov’t; showed
discontent through rebellion• Also tension between liberals/conservatives,
centralists/federalists, secularists/Catholics
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Latin America (cont.)• Conflicts with indigenous: elites took land; either
assimilated or moved to marginal areas• Caudillos: regional military leaders gained power
as they maintained order through violence, plus charisma
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Mexico• Various gov’ts: monarchy, republic, caudillo• Political turmoil allowed General Santa Anna to
take power• -> opposition “La reforma” to limit Catholic
Church, increase middle class -> new constitution with universal male suffrage, land reform
• 1861: President Juarez stopped paying loans -> France invaded, but was defeated 5/5/1862
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Mexico (cont.)• 1910-20: Mexican Revolution – middle class, peasants,
and workers tried to overthrow dictator (Porfirio Diaz) over land issues
• -> guerrilla warfare led by Zapata and Pancho Villa (‘tierra y libertad’) -> failed to take cities, and lack of resources = failure
• But, new constitution addressed some concerns (land, universal suffrage, education, minimum
wage/maximum hours, foreign ownership restrictions) -> not implemented right away, though
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Intro: American Economic Development
• 2 major influences shaped economic development: mass migration and British investment
• U.S. and Canada: industrialized• Latin America: struggled, plantations/cash crops,
slaves -> debt peonage/sharecropping
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Migration to the Americas• Included Europeans, Asians, and Latin Americans (to
the U.S.)• Pull factors: gold rushes, factory, railroad, plantation
jobs, support services • All brought their cultures with them• U.S. factories: wanted low-wage, unskilled workers– Mid 1800s: Europeans - some stayed in eastern industrial
cities, some moved west for land; Chinese – in west for gold and railroads
– Late 1800s: settled in eastern cities to work in textile factories
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Migration to the Americas (cont.)• Latin American plantations needed workers after
abolition• Europeans to Argentina and Brazil, Chinese to
Cuba, Indians to Caribbean, Chinese and Japanese to Peru and Hawai’i
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Economic Expansion in the U.S.• British capital supported development of textile
industry, mining operations, factories, railroads• They needed new investment opportunities• Railroads:– Space: linked vast country and its resources with huge
environmental impact– Time: scheduling problems -> time zones
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Economic Growth in the U.S.• 1870-1900: huge economic development• New products -> consumer demand -> more
expansion• Also, emergence of labor unions and strikes: good
for workers, not good for industrialists
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Canadian Prosperity• also industrialized with aid of British investments• After Dominion formed, gov’t started National
Policy to economically develop: attract migrants, protect industry, build transport system– Railroad -> conflict with indigenous peoples and
trappers• By late 19th/early 20th centuries: economic boom in
agriculture, minerals, and industrial production• Also, increasing U.S. investment -> more
interdependence
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Latin American Investments• Little industrial or economic development due to
colonial legacies: relied on European items controlled by local creole elites -> no incentive to change
• British investment: wanted profit and control, not industrialization (e.g., beef); -> urbanization
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Latin American Investments (cont.)• Attempts at industrialization: limited success• Mexico: Dictator P. Diaz – railroad, telegraph,
mining, textiles, steel, etc.; modernized Mexico City
• But, profits were not reinvested; went to foreigners and elites ->
1910 revolution
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Latin American Investments (cont.)• By late 1800s: economic expansion based on key
exports per country (e.g., Mexico – copper and silver, Argentine – beef and wheat, Brazil – rubber and coffee, etc.), but profits were limited
• Why didn’t they develop like U.S.? Foreign control of econ. and political instability -> slow growth
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Intro: American Cultural and Social Diversity
• Lots of diversity in the Americas• Conflict (ethnic, social class, race, gender)• Lack of cultural cohesion• Conflict between Enlightenment ideals and reality
for Native Americans, African-Americans, recent migrants, and women -> repression
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Societies in the U.S.• By late 19th century, very multicultural, but political
and economic power belonged to Euro-Am white elite males -> tension and conflict
• Native peoples: reservations, then further marginalization; sought to assimilate them by destroying their culture; resistance and identity
• Freed slaves: during reconstruction – civil and political rights; after -> sharecroppers, few rights, Jim Crow, segregation
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Societies in the U.S. (cont.)• Women: more education and employment
opportunities, but little econ or pol progress• Migrants: -> cultural diversity, hostility from
native-born whites, concentration in districts -> de facto segregation, restrictive immigration policies
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Canadian Cultural Contrasts• Ethnic diversity: British and French tension, plus
indigenous, freed slaves, Chinese migrants, and later more migrants (Euro, U.S., E. Euro.)
• 1870s-80s: westward expansion threatened natives and metis -> rebellion
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Ethnicity, Identity, and Gender in Latin America
• Hierarchical distinctions based on ethnicity and skin color: top - creoles, middle - mestizos, mulattoes, zambas, castizos, and bottom – indigenous, freed slaves and descendants
• Migration led to more diversity, especially in large numbers
• Gauchos: symbol of Latin American identity• Male domination: machismo• Female role in home and marketplace, and
revolutions