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The Age of Exploration
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What was the Age of Exploration?
• Period when Europeans began to explore the rest of the world.
• Improvements in mapmaking, shipbuilding, rigging, and navigation made this possible.
• Blue water sailing, not just coastal sailing.• Policy of mercantilism drives exploration.
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What is Mercantilism?
• European monarchs adopt new economic policy
• Believed nation’s real wealth was measured in its gold and silver treasure.
• Therefore, nations should export more than it imports
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Mercantilism
• Overseas colonies are beneficial to parent country through resources and raw materials. These could be turned into manufactured goods and sold.
• Imposed high tariffs on imported good.• GOAL: Increase wealth
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Why explore?
• 3 G’s: God, Gold, Glory• Find a sea route to Asia for access to spices:
flavor, medicine, and perfumes• Expansion: to control a larger empire• Furs: valuable in Europe• Expand knowledge of the world: Overlaps
Renaissancedesire to learn
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New Technology
• New and improved maps• Magnetic compass• Caravel• Astrolabe
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The Explorers: Portugal
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Prince Henry• Discovered and claimed
the Madeira and Azores Islands and seized Port of Ceuta on N. Africa Coast
• Believed he could convert Africans to Christianity and that Africa was a source of great riches
• Set up school for exploration
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The Portuguese explored the Gold Coast
•Southern coast of Africa along the Atlantic = “The Gold Coast”
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Bartolomeu Dias • 1488-Sailed around
Cape of Good Hope at southern tip of Africa.
• Found route to Indian Ocean
• Trade can go from Europe to Asia by sea.
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Vasco da Gama
• Landed in India in 1498.
• Important trade route from Europe to India and East Indies.
• Confirms Portugal’s status as a World Power
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Ferdinand Magellan • Sets out in 1519• Goal-find way to reach Pacific• Gets to South America-goes
through Strait to Pacific• Most want to go back-but he
insists on going to East Indies• Believed it to be about 3 weeks…
took about 4 months-lands in Philippines where he’s killed
• His crew made first round-the-world voyage. (circumnavigate)
• Animaniacs Clip
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The Explorers: Spain
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Christopher Columbus
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Christopher Columbus • Believed a shorter route
to Asia could be found by sailing westward instead of around Africa.
• Found the Caribbean Islands-aka West Indies
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What was the Colombian Exchange?
• Massive exchange of plants, animals and diseases.
• These things moved between the New and Old Worlds.
• Started with Columbus. • To the Americas: cows, horses, wheat,
smallpox, plus much more.• To Europe: potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, corn,
plus much more.
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Two Leading Countries: Portugal and Spain
• 1493-After Columbus returned to Spain: King and Queen of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella, appealed to Pope to support their claim of lands in the “New World”
• Pope set Line of Demarcation-divided non-European world into two zones. Both countries agreed and signed the Treaty of Tordesillas.
• Spain had trade and exploration rights to the West. Portugal to the East. (PEWS)
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Spanish Win the Treaty:They get the best Of the deal
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Vasco Nunez de Balboa
• 1513-went through tropical forests of Panama.
• 1st explorer to see the Pacific Ocean
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The Explorers: England, France, and Netherlands
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English, Dutch, and French
• Explored the coast of North America unsuccessfully for a “Northwest Passage” or route from Atlantic Ocean to Pacific Ocean through Artic Islands.
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Northwest Passage
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Cabot
• An Italian who sailed and claimed land in Canada for England
• Left Bristol on voyage with 300 men and 5 ships-1 ship made it to Ireland-the rest never returned
• What happened to Cabot?
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Hudson• Sailed for the Netherlands
and England• Made 4 voyages• Sought the Northwest
Passage-unsuccessful• Traveled down to N.Y.• Last voyage-crew mutinied
and Hudson, his son, and some crew members were put in small boat and left to die
• Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, and Hudson River named after him
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Cartier• Sailed for France in many
voyages-1st in 1534• Left with 2 ships and 61 men• Explored W. Coast of
Newfoundland• Discovered Prince Edward
Islands• Sailed through Gulf of St.
Lawrence• Set up base in Quebec• By end of career-his
reputation was tarnished
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China
• Chinese under Ming dynasty sets up Trade with Portugal-later the Dutch, English, and other European countries
• Could only trade under imperial officials• Missionaries tried to convert Chinese with
little success• 1793-Lord McCartney tries to get Chinese-
Qing Dynasty-to open port cities in North-unsuccessful…will prove problematic later
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Korea
• Restricted contacts with the outside world in the 1500s and 1600s
• 1590’s Japan invaded Korea and left it devastated
• 1636-Manchu’s from China conquered Korea and set it up as a tributary state Run by its own govt. but forced to acknowledge China’s
supremacy
• Korea-chose isolation-set itself up as Hermit Kingdom-excluded all foreigners except the Chinese and a few Japanese – Killed shipwrecked Europeans
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Japan
• At 1st-welcomes Westerners (Europeans)• 1543-Portugese reached Japan-followed by Spanish, Dutch,
and English• Missionaries converted Japanese to Christianity • Spain seized Philippines-Tokugawas expel foreigners and
missionaries• Persecute and kill thousands of converts• By 1638-Tokugawas barred all European merchants and
forbade Japanese to travel abroad• To keep informed about world events-1-2 Dutch ships were
allowed at Nagasaki harbor each year• Remained isolated for over 200 years