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The Academic Argument Essay:
A Brief Review
By Dr. Rosemary Briseño
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Composition and Rhetoric: Just what do these terms mean?
Composition: the skill or art of creating written works
Rhetoric: using language effectively to please or persuade
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The Art of Communication
An essay is like a conversation between you (writer) and the reader (your audience)
communicate ideas, topics, and purposes
conversation between reader/listener
concise
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Academic Discourse: Academic Argument
Clear, compelling points
Somewhat formal style
Authoritative
Includes logical appeals based on careful research
Cites reliable sources
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Rhetorical Stance
Invitational
Rogerian argumentation
Toulmin method
Epideictic argumentation
“Classic” mode of argumentation
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Invitational(to win or persuade)
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Rogerian argument:Psychologist Carl Rogers. Believed you should not engage in any dispute until you understand your opponent.
Rogerian model of argument
Common ground
Nonthreatening
Establishing trust
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Toulmin
Simple example of claim+reason=warrant
Don’t eat Fly Agaric mushrooms (claim) because they are poisonous (reason).
Acknowledges complications of life
Uses qualifiers such as:
sometimesoftenunlessalmost
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Epideictic argumentation (ceremonial arguments
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
(1929-1968)
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Classic structure of argument Developed by Greek and Roman rhetoricians
two thousands years ago
Developed for use in presenting court cases
Senate speeches
Three logical appeals: ethos,pathos, logos
Marcus Tullius Cicero (January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC)
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The thesis: your essay’s lifeline
What is a thesis? The central claim you are trying to convey. A good thesis statement makes the difference between a thoughtful research project and a simple retelling of facts.
What is a thesis? A thesis statement declares what you intend to prove and how you intend on proving it. A good thesis statement makes the difference between a thoughtful research project and a simple retelling of facts.
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The thesis: A crucial component
What is a thesis? A thesis statement declares what you intend to prove, and how you intend on proving it.
A good thesis statement makes the difference between a thoughtful research project and a simple retelling of facts.
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Thesis
AB=thesis
A=topic/issue/problem
B=purpose/focus/direction
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Thesis: Two Types
*Explicit: states exactly on what you will focus, and how you will do this
Implicit: states only the subject/topic/issue/problem. How you will discuss the topic/issue/problem will be discovered as the essay unfolds.
*Of the two, it is recommended your essays include an explicit thesis.
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Thesis Statements:
The Good
Contestable
Provocative
Anticipates refutation
Avoids vague language
Avoids first person POV
Specific
Can assert conclusions based on evidence
Passes the “So what? Who cares?” test
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Thesis statements: The
Bad
Never a question
Never a list
Not vague
Not opinion based
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Thesis statements:
The Ugly
Never confrontational
Never combative
Not plagiarized
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The evolution of a thesis statement…
Pit bull dogs are dangerous, lethal weapons; however, training and obedience classes can curb a Pit Bull’s natural instinct to attack.
It is only a matter of time, but Pit Bulls are dangerous, and they will eventually
attack, even their owners. Therefore, Pit Bulls should be outlawed in the United States.
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Pit Bulls: Deadly Animal?
Selectively bred for combat with other dogs, the Pit Bull is genetically predisposed to dog-aggression. The breed was created to be the ultimate fighting machine. Although early socialization and training can make a big difference, it is impossible to erase genetics, and owners aware that owning a Pit Bull carries a lot of responsibility.
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Can you distinguish the good from the bad (and the ugly?)
ARE THESE GOOD OR BAD?
Technology, like Facebook and Twitter, is changing the way we communicate in ways that we are just beginning to understand.
Children are susceptible to getting a number of serious, life-threatening diseases, but Autism is not one of them.
ARE THESE GOOD OR BAD?
People should avoid drinking and driving.
Getting a tattoo should take some serious thought because body ink is permanent.
Exotic animals—lions and tigers, for example, should not be kept as pets because they are wild.
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Test your thesis statement!
Does your thesis statement……………?
Make a specific claim that a reader can agree or disagree with?
Pick out an idea that can be defended in the space allowed?
Limit the kinds of evidence you can use to defend it?
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STOP! Before you turn in your final draft…
Make sure you:
Follow academic format (MLA, APA, Chicago, etc.)
Support your ideas
Follow your professor’s instructions per assignement
Use present tense (texts); historical tense, as needed
Your thesis come early in your paper
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Introductions
Have a hook (a quote, an interesting fact, a rhetorical question)
Author
Title
The thesis
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The body
Each paragraph has a topic sentence (relates to the thesis; like a mini-thesis statement of the paragraph)
Show, don’t tell (use vivid language, define, compare and contrast, negation, etc)
Use quotes (paraphrased and direct quotations) as needed to support your thesis
Have transitions between pgh.’s for continuity
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The body, con’t
Any visuals (charts, graphs, illustrations) should enhance your reader’s understanding of the main points
A long paragraph, like a short one=lack of focus
Did you use quotes and code words (KW and phrase) like salt?
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The conclusion
Should mirror the Introduction in content and in length, but not “parrot” the pgh word for word.
Cinch your thoughts. Conclude! Don’t go in a new direction or leaving the reader hanging.
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The Road to a (Possible) Failing Grade
Keep up with readings
Have minimal absences
Don’t procrastinate
Student/instructor conferences
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The road to success…
…is always under construction
Patience Persistence Perseverance
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Pride In a Job Well Done
Have pride in your work.
Appreciate the pleasures of doing your own work.
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And in closing…
Good luck with the end of the semester!
Thank you for your attention.