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Lecture 2a
14 September 2015
Overview of Nutrition
Overview of lecture1)Introduction-nutrition in a nutshell/nutritional choices
2)Nutrients defined
3)Science of nutrition
4) Next lecture- Planning a healthy diet-chapter 2
Nutrition-defined-narrow-
Science of what we eat and its impact on us through:
ingestion(I), digestion(D), absorption(A), transport(T), metabolism(M),excretion (E) (IDATME)
Nutrition-defined-broad
Previous narrow definition
plus
psychology economics sociology and culture of food and eating
Food and hence nutritional choices depend on: •personal preference•habit •ethnic heritage or tradition •social interactions •availability, convenience and economy of food •positive and negative associations •emotional comfort •values •body image •nutrition for health
Nutrients defined:
chemical substances obtained from food and used in the body to provide:
a) energy, structural materials and regulating agents to support growth, maintenance, and repair of the body
b) possible disease prevention and reduction
Nutrients classified
Energy yielding
Non-energy yielding
Non-nutrients
Energy yielding nutrients-all organic-carbon containing
CarbohydratesLipidsProteins
4/9/4 kcal/gm – remember calories are really kcal
17/37/17 kjoules/gm
-energy for warmthbody maintenance (build new
compounds/turnover)), movement
Non-energy yielding nutrients -but can assist in deriving energy
Vitamins-organic
Minerals-inorganic-non-carbon containing
Water-inorganic
In food one has:Essential or indispensable vs. non essential nutrients vs conditionally essential
Also have non-nutrients-helpful, neutral, or harmful
AlcoholsPhytochemicalsAdditives, etc
How to page 10-Rolfes et al. – homework
Science of nutrition
Separating fact from rumour via studies:
fig 1-4 and table 1-3 Rolfes et al
Epidemiological (no intervention) -case-control, cross sectional, cohort
Experimental (intervention) - animal, in vitro (eg cell culture), human
Fig. 1-4, p. 14
Science of nutrition
-must follow good scientific method:
question hypothesis data interpret data concludequestion (s)
Figure 1-3 Rolfes et al-eg vitamin D
Fig. 1-3, p. 12
Animal and Human Studiesall studies must take into consideration
-controls -double/single blind, -subject/animal numbers, -randomisation of experimental
and control groups, -placebos in some cases for controls
-replication-so as to determine the validity of the variable(s) measured
SCIENCE OF NUTRITION DETERMINES :
a) If people meet requirements(recommendations) (how much (minimum) needed in diet)
or if one is deficient for one or more nutrients
b) Nutrient recommendations-page 17-21 Rolfes et al
DRI (EAR/RDA/AI/TUI)
c) TUI-toxicity
d) How to tell about adequate nutrition Watch out for hucksters