Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
Abraham AbelaMaria Limongelli
Terrorism: how to report?
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
.
Terrorism: how to report?
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
Definition of Terrorism
• No universal definition of terrorism
• generally described as the use of violence for the purpose of achieving political and/or religious aims through inciting fear and insecurity to the populations.
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
According to:
Council of Europe United Nations
Definition of Terrorism
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
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The definition of terrorism in terms of innocents and non-
combatantsPolitical or military strategy
that:
- Consists in deliberately using violence against innocents/ non-combatants
- Is a mean of terrorizing the members of some social or political group to achieve political or military purposes
- relies on the violence receiving a high degree of publicity
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
Defining terrorism in Europe
Offences against persons and property
Destabilising or destroying the fundamental structures of a country or an international organisation
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
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Defining terrorism in USA
Official United States Government Definition of Terrorism
"[An] act of terrorism, means any activity that (A) involves a violent act or an act dangerous to human life that is a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any State, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or of any State; and (B) appears to be intended (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by assassination or kidnapping."
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
Defining terrorism by CIA
• The term "terrorism" means premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents.
• The term "international terrorism" means terrorism involving the territory or the citizens of more than one country.
• The term "terrorist group" means any group that practices, or has significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism.
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
Elements defining an act of terrorism:
• Violent action directed at people
• Usage of certain methods as assassination or kidnapping
• Instilling fear in one group to force change in a behaviour of some other group
• Political or military aim
• A degree of publicity for the act of terrorism
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
The thought of Noam Chomsky
terrorism is “something“ that can be undertaken by both state and non-state actors.
The media can play a very important role in illustrating who really is a terrorist.
Walter Laquer
over 100 definitions
the 'only general characteristic generally agreed upon is that terrorism involves violence and the threat of violence.'
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
Some cases of terrorist attacks Oklahoma City Bombing – 1995 Norway Attacks – 2011
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
Some cases of terrorist attacks
World Trade Centre – NY , 2001 London Riots??? – 2011
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
Categories of Terrorism
1. Religious terrorism
2. Political terrorism
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
Categories of Terrorism
3. State terrorism
4. State-sponsored terrorism
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
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5. Pathological Terrorism???
Categories of Terrorism
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
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Categories of Terrorism
6. Narco-Terrorism???
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
The Role of Media in Covering Terrorist Acts in Syria
Court cases because “giving
such attacks publicity“
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
The Role of Media in Covering Terrorist Acts Abroad: Ukraine
Ukrainianauthorities:
Anti-terorrist operations
Maltese media:
pro-Russian separatists/rebels
Rebels, fighters,
rejected any talks with “terrorists”
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
The Role of Media in Covering Terrorist
Acts Abroad: IsraelIsraelian
authorities:
Anti-terorrist operations
Maltese media:
Palestinian prisoners convicted of killing Israelis
Lack of emotionally filled materials and pictures
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
The Role of Media in Covering Terrorist
Acts Abroad: EgyptEgyptian
authorities:terrorism
Maltese media:
They focused mostly on the reaction of the government
A Terrorist or Separatist?
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
Terrorists or Separatists?
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
Ukrainian Authorities: „Anti-terrorist operations“
(Pro-Russian) separatists
Ukrainian separatists
(pro-Russian) radicals
Pro-Russian rebels/supporters of Russia
(other UA regions)
(pro-Russian) demonstrants/activists
(Pro-Russian) separatists
Self-defense forces
Pro-Russian activists (other UA regions)
(April-May 2014)
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
The Role of Media in Covering Terrorist Acts in Norway
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
The survivors and the victims` relatives as well as voices from
the public have criticized the volume of the terror coverage and the strong
and lasting focus on Anders Behring Breivik.
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
The secretary general of the
Norwegian Press Association, Per Edgar
Kokkvold, said: “You`d have to be
an idiot or be morally blind not to
see that it would be
extremely difficult for
victims` families if
Breivik is interviewed
before the trial”. .
The Role of Media in Covering Terrorist Acts Journalist Reports in Norway
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
Volgograd bombings
Headlines and news were full of dramatic titles and eye-catching phrases
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
Boston bombing is a perfect
example of presenting facts by
media in a very dramatic way. The
headlines were emotionally
charched.
Boston Marathon
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
Can lack of publicity stop terrorism?
“Democratic nations must try to find ways to starve
the terrorist and the hijacker of the oxygen of publicity on which they
depend.”
–Margaret Thatcher
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
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• The main role of the media should be to
independently report events that are unfolding;
• The coverage must be accurate and impartial, while
the basic right on privacy must be respected. Also,
the use of graphic images should be instead
replaced by text for accurate description.
The Role of Media
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
• Journalists covering terrorist acts should
help in empowering the audience to
get involved in a debate;
• The policy in the media is that journalists
should understand that by granting the
freedom of expression, they must avoid
offering terrorism a platform, as well
as through the use of language such
as the universal word “martyr”
instead of “terrorist”.
The Role of Media
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
The Role of Media
Facebook, the world’s biggest online social network, is increasingly being used by terrorists to recruit sympathizers, spread propaganda and plan potential attacks, according to the UN
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
• Justin Carter case
• London Riots
• Al Qaeda in the Islamic Magreb (AQIM) and the Twitter account
Social Media
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
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"The Mujahideen ('holy warriors') entered Westgate mall today at around noon and they are still inside the mall, fighting the Kenyan kuffar ('infidels') inside their own turf.“
Social Media- Westgate Mall in Nairobi, Kenya
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
Neutral role? Do you agree that
„ the use of graphic images
should be instead replaced
by text for accurate
description“?
Evoking shock? Passing on
information? Condemning the
terrorist? Freedom of speech?
Exposing the vulnerability of
the state?
The Role of Media
Leonardo da Vinci Project 2012-2014:New Media Literacy for Media Professionals
Partners: SKAMBA (SK), Media21Foundation (BG), FOPSIM (MT) and Videovest (RO).
This presentation was prepared by FOPSIM and is free to use under condition of acknowledging authorship
Self-definition? Do you agree that
London Riots were act of terrorism?
Condemning the terrorist?
What about groups that are labeled
as terorrists by maybe be actually seen
as freedom fighters later on or even at the same time How do you define those fighting in Eastern Ukraine today?
The Role of Media