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Territorial Expansion Territorial Expansion and Sectional Crisis and Sectional Crisis
AP Review: 1840’s through the 1870’s
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Manifest Destiny
What is “manifest destiny”? Texas Annexation California and the Oregon Territory President Polk and the War with Mexico Slavery and the Wilmot Proviso Expansion continues . . .
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American Culture in the mid-1800’s
National literature, art and architecture Utopian experiments Reform movements
– Roles of women– Abolitionism– Temperance– Mental health– Education
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The ‘50s: A Decade of Crisis
Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act and Uncle Tom’s Cabin Kansas-Nebraska Act and the realignment
of parties– Demise of the Whigs– Emergence of Republican Party
Dred Scott
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The ‘50s: A Decade of Crisis
Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858 John Brown and his raid Election of 1860 The secession crisis
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Causes of the Civil War
Continuing Sectional Struggles
Henry Clay’s great compromises– 1820 and 1850
The “Peculiar Institution”– Growing voice of the
abolitionists– The Dred Scott decision
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War Strategies and Assessments
United States (Union) Military Goals– Blockade southern ports– Control of Mississippi River down to New
Orleans– Take Richmond - Confederate capital
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War Strategies and Assessments
Union Strengths and Advantages– Population– Industrial Capacity– Wealth– Superior
Transportation– Military Forces
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War Strategies and Assessments
Confederate States Military Goals– Defend new nation– Enlist European
Assistance
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War Strategies and Assessments
Confederate Advantages – Emotional edge - fighting for a cause and
defense of their homes– Defending is easier than invading– Better officers and soldiers
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Significant Successes - East
Bull Run, July 1861 (Manassas) - Union defeated by “Stonewall” Jackson– McClellan appointed commander of Army of the
Potomac McClellan attacks Richmond, March and April
1862 - fails Second Battle of Bull Run, August 1862 - Union
supplies destroyed Battle of Antietam, September 1862 - Bloodiest
day of the Civil War
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Significant Battles - East
Merrimack (Confederate) and the Monitor (Union)– March 1862
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/civilwar/n-at-cst/hr-james/9mar62.htm
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Significant Battles - East
Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1863 - Confederates hoped for a victory on Northern soil, but due to supplies and casualties retreat
Sherman’s March to the Sea, 1864 - 1865 - ends in marching to Columbia and burns it to the ground
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Significant Battles - West
Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, February 1862 - Union gunboats defeat Confederates
Battle of Shiloh, TN, April 1862 - Union defeat after 2 day battle
Battle of Vicksburg, MS, July 1863 - Grant lays seige to Vicksburg in a surround and starve strategy successfully– a turning point in the war as the Union re-took the
Mississippi
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The Gettysburg Address
November 1863 Ceremony to honor fallen
Union soldiers Edward Everett gives a 2
hour speech President invited to give
brief remarks - 2 minutes Milestone in expanding
liberty to all
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Slavery comes to an end
Lincoln’s campaign concerns - hesitation Confiscation Acts (1861 and 1862): gave the Union
the power to confiscate enemy “property” and freed those slaves
Emancipation Proclamation (1862): by executive order freed all slaves in the states at war with the Union
Thirteenth Amendment (1865): amending the Constitution was necessary to negate phrases that legitimized slavery and to abolish slavery in all the states
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Lee Surrenders at Appomatox
April 1865 Defeated Confederate troops
surrounded by the Union at Appomatox Court House Lee and Grant meet to discuss terms
South takes horses and mules home, would not be punished as traitors if they agreed to follow the laws
North agreed to feed the remaining Confederate troops
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Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War
Morrill Tariff Act, 1861- increased import fees
National Banking Act, 1863 - standardized currency backed by government bonds– investors also obliged to buy a percentage of
bonds
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Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War
Draft Law– 1863– allowed for substitutes– $300 exemption– New York riot in July protesting the new law
Suspension of Civil Liberties– Suspension of writ of habeas corpus
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Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War
Greenback Policy– printing money to finance war– Income tax levied in 1861
Homestead Act– 1862– free land in west
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Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War
Women in the War– Clara Barton - nursing, founded Red Cross– Dorothea Dix - Superintendent of Nurses, – Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell - medical school
graduate, U.S. Sanitary Comission
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Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War
African Americans in the War– 180,000 served in the Union Army– 54th Massachusetts Regiment - Battle of Fort
Wagner, Charleston
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Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War
Election of 1864 Lincoln v. McClellan
– Union Party - Republicans and War Democrats
– Peace Democrats and Copperheads
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Reconstruction
A redefinition of social, economic and political relationships between the North and the South
An effort to repair the damage to the South and to restore the Southern states to the Union
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The War Destroyed . . .
2/3 southern shipping 9000 miles of
railroads 1/3 of all livestock 100s of miles of roads
Value of southern property declined by 70%
buildings, factories, bridges, etc. destroyed.
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The Human Toll
North– 364,000 (38,000 African Americans
South– 260,000– 1/5 adult white men; 1 of 3 southern men
were killed or wounded
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Southern Hardships
Black Southerners– 4 million freed slaves, homeless, jobless and hungry
Plantation Owners– loss of $3mil. worth of slave labor– worthless Confederate currency– $100 mil. Worth of southern plantations and cotton
seized through the Captured and Abandoned Property Act
Poor White Settlers– could not find work due to new competition– began migrating to the western frontiers
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Reconstruction
Lincoln’s Death– April 14, 1865
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Lincoln v. Johnson
Lincoln– 10% Plan - quick reunion– Radical Republicans
demanded more strict measures in the Wade-Davis Bill
– Lincoln and Congress blocked each other’s plans until Lincoln’s death
Johnson– small farmer’s advocate
with a hatred for plantation owners
– restrictive policy excluding rich southerners from political participation
– undermined his own policy by liberally pardoning southerners, even Confederate politicians
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Congressional Reconstruction
While one of the goals of the war was to free slaves, once southern states met the Reconstruction plan requirements, they reverted back to their old ways– Black Codes - limited freedmen’s rights
• curfews, vagrancy laws, labor contracts, land restrictions
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Congressional Reconstruction
14th Amendment 1866– first cornerstone of Congressional Reconstruction– gave citizenship and due process of law to all persons
born in the U.S.– 3/5 clause abolished. States may exclude blacks from
voting, but their representation may be decreased if they do so
– Confederate officeholders barred from political office
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14th Amendment
Reactions– President Johnson and the Democrats
denounced the amendment and lobbied against– Republicans realized that their leadership
could achieve meaningful change– Some northerners supported harsh sanctions
against the former Confederacy
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Reconstruction Act, 1867
High point of Congressional Reconstruction dissolved Southern state governments and placed
them under military rule Enfranchised the freedmen and required new
state constitutions drafted by elections by both blacks and whites
Required state legislatures to ratify the 14th Amendment to fully re-enter the Union
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15th Amendment
Last major piece of the Congressional Reconstruction
Prohibited the exclusion of male adults from voting based on race or having been slaves
passed by Congress in 1869 and ratification became a precondition for reentering the Union
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Impeaching Andrew Johnson
Reconstruction Act brought increased tension between Congress and the President
Congress passed several laws to bring the President under control
1867 Tenure of Office Act to keep Johnson from firing Sec. Of War Edwin Stanton
Johnson fired Stanton anyway Republican leaders started impeachment
proceedings against Johnson Johnson’s conviction narrowly defeated
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The Freedmen
Finding family became the first priority of many black churches, institutions established and
flourished Freedman’s Bureau
– first federally financed social service program– set up over 4000 elementary schools– provided assistance to more than just African-
Americans
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Political Involvement
Participated in Reconstruction legislatures as Republicans
Some black members of Congress elected and sent to Washington
often pursued reconciliation policies with white Southerners to no avail
also tried to achieve key black demands, such as land reform and social equality
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“Carpetbaggers” and “Scalawags”
Most white southerners blamed Republicans and their alleged corruption
white Northerners who immigrated South were called “carpetbaggers”
white Southern Republicans were called “scalawags”
Although mostly ungrounded, these charges and stereotypes proved extremely persistent
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Violent Resistance
Many white southerners resisted with violence
vigilante groups intimidated, attacked and killed freedmen and destroyed their institutions
Ku Klux Klan - outlawed, but little else done to protect their victims
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Sharecropping
New labor system emerged in cotton economy
sharecroppers rented land and paid the owner with a share of the crop - 50%
both blacks and whites participated system led many sharecroppers into
perpetual debt
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Supreme Court Barriers
US v. Reese, 1876 - allowed the disenfranchisement of blacks, such as making up voting requirements that freedmen could not achieve
Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 - allowed for segregation in almost all aspects of society
The decisions allowed Southerners to construct a “Jim Crow” system of de facto laws
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Waning Republican Support
1870s - Radical Republicans lost influence and lost interest
Liberal Republicans broke away to protest the scandals of the Grant administration
1873 economic depression refocused Northern goals
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Compromise of 1877
1876 Election showed a narrow victory for the Democratic candidate, Tilden
Republicans contested in three states Compromise reached whereas the
Democrats would accept Hayes as the president if the Republicans ceased resistance to home rule in the South
Reconstruction ends