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Terra Preta
Prospectsfor Tropical
Agriculture
Christoph Steiner, R&D Director
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Tropical Agriculture constrains
Fast depletion of soil organic carbon and nutrients low pH and CEC Fertilizers inefficient, not available or too expensive Diseases, pests and weeds
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Photo: Ilse Ackermann
Anthrosols Brazil Terra Preta
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there could be seen verylarge cities that glistened inwhite [] many roads thatentered into the interior []and besides this, the land isas fertile [] as our Spain
Terra Preta History early descriptions
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C. Barrington Brown (1839-1917)
In two places also, in the forest, were the sites of ancient villages, marked by deep black soil mixed with broken pottery (Brown 1876:339) ;
Terra Preta History early descriptions
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undoubtedly of artificial origin ...highly prized as agricultural grounds, owing to their fertility; andthey bear the name of Terras pretas
Terra Preta Fifteen Thousand Miles on the Amazon and itsTributaries, Charles Barrington Brown and William Lidstone, E.Stanford, 1878, 520 pages (http://books.google.com)
In this publication Brown and Lidstone were apparently the first to use the term terra preta (terras pretas ) in print.
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the spot, like that on many other elevationsbordering the Amazon and its branches, was the favourite dwelling-place of Indians in bygonedays;
Villages must have stood upon these spots forages, to have accumulated such a depth of soil
about them; and probably their original founderwere of a race that has now completely vanishe
Terra Preta History early descriptions
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Terra Preta Friedrich Katzer (1861 1925)
.the region's more distinguished wealth lies inits soil.
Conducted pioneering analytical work
Concluded that the Terra Preta has different originfrom Chernozems and were cultural in origin
Terra Preta consists of a blending of mineral
residuum, charred plant materials, anddecomposed organics.
loss-on-ignition testing indicating high organicmatter content, in contrast to soils fromsurrounding locations.
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Charcoal, BC, Chernozem and Terra Preta
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Anthrosols Brazil Terra Preta
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Charcoal production
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Production
Sieving
Application
Charcoal production and residue use
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Manmade soils
Photos:Gilvan Martins,Embrapa, Brazil
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Photos:Gilvan Martins,Embrapa, Brazil
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Manmade soils cash crop gardens
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Manmade soils cash crop gardens
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Terra Preta creation?
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Traditional Use US (1847)Charcoal absorbs and condenses the nutritive gases within its por
Charcoal often checks rust in wheat, and mildew in other crops
Ammoniacalliquor holds large quantities of nitrogen,.charcoaldust may be added , ..the charcoal soon combine with the ammoni..it is a powerful manure,
Guano should be mixed with twice its bulk of charcoal dust
Charcoal should be added to liquid manure to absorb the ammon
Poudrette is the name given to the human faeces after they havebeen mixed with charcoal dust..
A dressing of charcoal has in many instances, been found sobeneficial that it has been extensively introduced in France for thwheat crop
Theturnep (Brassica rapa.) Charcoal dust applied in the same wayhas been found to increase the early growth from four to ten- fold.
Elad et al. 2010,
Phytopathology
Steiner et al. 2010,J. Environ. Qual.
Danny Day
and others
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JOHANNES LEHMANN, JOHN GAUNT, and MARCO RONDON Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 2006Lehmann et al. 2006
Recalcitrance
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Biochar Research Terra Preta Nova
EMBRAPA research station Brazil
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~50% of C remains as charcoal
Slash and Char as Alternative to Slash and Burn
~2% of C remains as charcoal
Photo: Steve Welch
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Increased yields with biocharLehmann and Rondon 2006, Steiner et al 2007, Plant and Soil
Increased retention of fertilizednitrogen = fertilization efficiencyLehmann et al 2003, and Steiner et al 2008
Reduced acidityTopoliantz et al 2005, Steiner et al 2007
Increased mineral nutrition (mainly K)Steiner et al 2007
Increased Cation Exchange CapacityTeixeira et al, unpublished
www.biocharfund.org
Slash and Char research results
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How to provide access to carbon credits for smallscale projects (small farmers)?
Photo: Biocharfund
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How to provide access to carbon credits for smallscale projects (small farmers)?
Aggregated transaction costs are currently averaging about $200,000per project. (UNDP, CDM Users Guide)
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Carbon Sequestration prospects
Land tenure
Additionality
Permanence
Leakage
Verification and monitoring
Biochar carbon sequestration is less prejudiced by the greatest
obstacles of land use and forestry (LULUCF and REDD) carbon projects
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34 Regional Biochar Groups according to IBI
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Terra Preta Nova First Terra Preta workshop, Manaus 2002