-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
1/41
LIPID CLASSIFICATION & METABOLISM
IN RUMEN
Lecturer: Asist. Prof. Dr. Parwadee Pakdee
Student: Dao Duc Bien
References:
Church: 298-312
Prof..Dr. Metha Wanapat (lecture material)
Course title: Digestive physiology
****************
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
2/41
Contents
Introduction
Lipid classification Metabolism of lipid in rumen
Result of practical studies
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
3/41
IntroductionIntroduction
Lipid : contain carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O). With more carbon and
hydrogen in proportion to the oxygen than do carbohydrates.
Fats contains 2.5 time as much energy/kg as do carbohydrates.
Formed by reaction of fatty acid with glycerol
Fatty acid + Glycerol Fat + Water
Example: Stearic acid + Glycerol >> Stearin + water
3C17H35 COOH + C3H5(OH)3 =C57H110O6 +3H2O
Oleic acid +Glycerol >>Olein + Water
3C17H35 COOH + C3H5(OH)3 =C57H104O6 +3H2O
Saponification: Fat + Alkali Soap + Glycerol
C17H35COOCH2 CH2OH
C17H35COOCH + NaOH C17H35COONa + CHOH
C17H35COOCH2 CH2OH
Functionally, animal lipid maybe classified in to two groups:
-Structural lipids which are an integral part of cell and tissue structures
-Depot lipids which are the major energy store.
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
4/41
Item
Basic functions Accessory
functionAs a structural
material for body
building and
maintenance
As energy for
heat production,
work, and fat
deposition
As or for the
formation of a body
regulator
As a source of
nutrients for
milk (or egg)
production
Protein yes yes Certain amino acids Yes
Carbohydrates Only as fat formed
from
carbohydrates
enters in to make
up of cellular
growth
yes yes Yes
Fats Only as fatenters into make
up of cellular
growth
yes Yes yes
Minerals
Vitamin
water
Yes
No
yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Summary of the various functions which the different nutrients may serve
(Athur E. Cullison, 1982)
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
5/41
Sphingomyelins
Cerebosides
Waxes
Steroids
Terpenes
Prostaglandins
Glycerol based Non-glycerol based
Lipids
Simple Compound
Glycolipids
LecithinsGlucolipids
Galactolipid
Phosphoglycerides
Fat Cephalins
LIPID CLASSIFICATIONLIPID CLASSIFICATION
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
6/41
Structure of fat
TriglycerolTriglycerolor triglycerides or triacylglycerolor triglycerides or triacylglycerol
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
7/41
SterolsWaxes
Sphingolipids
Phospholipids
Triacylglycerols Glycoglycerolipids
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
8/41
Triglyceride O||
O C-O- C-R
|| |R-C-O-C O
| ||
C-O-C-R 46% oleic acid (18:1) and 42% linoleic acid (18:2)
Galactosyl diglyceride
O C-O-gal O gal
|| |
R-C-O-C O
| ||
C-O-C-R 31-61% linolenic acid (18:3)
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
9/41
Glycolipids
Phospholipids
Phosphatidic acids
galactolipids
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
10/41
glycerol Triglyceride or lipid or triacylglycerol
glycerophospholipids
sphingosine
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
11/41
Number of Carbons
ShortShort--chain fatty acidschain fatty acids > 1212 carbonscarbons
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
12/41
Number & Position of Double Bonds
Fatty acidsFatty acids
SaturatedSaturated
Single carbonSingle carbon--carbon bonds :carbon bonds : StearicStearic acids (Cacids (C 1818::00))
UnsaturatedUnsaturated
Double bondsDouble bonds
MonounsaturatedMonounsaturated
One double bond :One double bond : Oleic acid (COleic acid (C 1818::11, cis, cis--99))
PolyunsaturatedPolyunsaturated
22 double bonds :double bonds : LinoleicLinoleic acid (Cacid (C 1818::22, cis, cis--99,,1212))LinolenicLinolenic acid (Cacid (C 1818::33,cis,cis--99,,1212,,1515))
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
13/41
Unsaturated fatty acid isomers Cis isomers (Naturally found in feeds)
H H
\ /C=C
/ \
C C
/ \
R R
Trans (Found in ruminant meat and milk as well ashydrogenated oils)
R
\
C H
\ /C=C
/ \
H C
\
R
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
14/41
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
15/41
Triglyceride Containing LinoleicAcid
Omega-6
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
16/41
Linolenic AcidOmega-3
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
17/41
Common fatty acids in ruminant diets
Fatty acid Carbon:Double Bonds Double bond position
Myristic 14:0
Palmitic 16:0
Palmitoleic 16:1 Cis-9
Stearic 18:0
Oleic 18:1 Cis-9
Linoleic 18:2 Cis-9, 12Linolenic 18:3 Cis-9, 12, 15
Arachidonic 20:4 Cis-5, 8, 11, 14
Eicosapentaenoic 20:5 Cis-5, 8, 11, 14, 17
Docosahexaenoic 20:6 Cis-5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
18/41
Lipids in ruminant dietsLipids in feeds
ForagesFat content is low: 1 to 4% of dry matter
High proportion of linolenic acid (18:3)
Diglycerides in fats of leaves
Grains
Fat content variable: 4 to 20% of dry matter
High proportion of linoleic acid (18:2)
Triglycerides in oils of seeds
Feed % EE Form
Corn and 4-20 Triglyceridesother seeds
Forages 4-6 Galactosyl
glyceryl esters + pigments
waxes, essential oils
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
19/41
Metabolism of lipids in the rumen
Hydrolysis Biohydrogenation
Lipid metabolism in the rumen. Also shown are the predominant fat types in common feedstuffs
(TG = triglycerides, GL = glycolipids and FA = fatty acids) FAs-Mixture of fatty acids; FA- saturated
fatty acids; VFAs-Volitle Fatty Acids; PL-Phospholipids; Trans acids-Intermediates in the
hydronation; FA- Fatty acids attached to feed particles . Adapted from Davis (1990)
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
20/41
Metabolism of lipids in the rumen
E-galactosidaseDiglyceride MonogalDigly
Galactose
Propionate Diglyceride
Glycerol
Triglyceride Fatty acids
Saturated FA
CaFA Ca++ Feed particles
F-galactosidase
Lipase Anaerovibrio
lipolytica
H+
Reductases
Lipase
Dietary lipid
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
21/41
Hydrolysis
Lipolytic bacteria : gram negative, curve rods.
Anaerovibrio lipolyticButyrivibrio spp.
S. ruminantium
Protozoa :Epidinium spp. : 30-40% lipolytic act. in the rumen
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
22/41
Fatty acid metabolism
Minimal absorption or degradation of longchain fatty acids in the rumen
Lipids leaving the rumen 80-90% are free fatty acids bound to feed particles or
microbes
10% leaves as microbial phospholipids
If not protected, small quantities of undigested fats
may pass More fat leaves the rumen than enters
Major alterations of long chain fatty acids in therumen
Biohydrogenation
Microbial synthesis of long-chain fatty acids
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
23/41
Biohydrogenation
Microorganisms Primarily bacteria, particularly cellulolytic bacteria
Protozoa Contain 75% of the microbial fatty acid in rumen
Not actively involved in biohydrogenation Contains high concentrations of 18:2 CLA
Obtained by ingesting bacteria
Fungi have capability for biohydrogenation, but make upa small proportion of the microbial biomass
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
24/41
Processes From Linoleic acid
High roughage dietLinoleic acid (cis-9, cis-12 18:2)
cis-9, trans-12 isomerase
from Butyrvibrio fibrisolvens
(Rapid)
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, cis-9, trans-11 18:2)
Also called Rumenic acidcis-9 reductase
from Butyrvibrio fibrisolvens
(Rapid)
Vaccenic acid (trans-11 18:1)
trans-11 reductase
from Clostridium proteoclasticum(Slow)
Stearic acid (18:0)
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
25/41
High grain diet (Low pH)
Linoleic acid (cis-9, cis-12 18:2)trans-9, cis-12 isomerase from
Megasphaera elsdenii, Streptococcus bovis
(Rapid)
Conjugated Linoleic Acid isomer (trans-10, cis-12 18:2)
cis-12 reductase fromMegasphaera elsdenii, Streptococcus bovis
(Rapid)
Trans-10 18:1
trans-10 reductase
(Slow)
Stearic acid (18:0)
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
26/41
From Linolenic acid High roughage diet
Linolenic acid (cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 18:3)
Cis-9, trans-11, cis-15 18:3
Trans-11, cis-15 18:2
Vaccenic acid (trans-11 18:1)
Stearic acid (18:0)
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
27/41
Why do bacteria reduce unsaturated fatty acids?
Mechanism to use excess hydrogen
Detoxify unsaturated fatty acids
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
28/41
Results of biohydrogenation in the rumen
On all diets Higher concentration of saturated fatty acidsleave than the rumen than enter in the diet
Higher concentration of stearic acid (18:0) leavethe rumen than enter in the diet
High roughage diets High concentrations of CLA (cis-9, trans-11 18:2)
and vaccenic acid (trans-11) 18:1 in the rumen
High concentrate diets
High concentrations of trans-10, cis-12 18:2 andtrans-10 18:1 fatty acids in the rumen
These fatty acids will be absorbed in the smallintestine and represent a high proportion of the fattyacids presented to tissues
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
29/41
Results of long-chain fatty acid metabolism
Fatty acidFatty acid FEEDFEED
Corn SBM Barley-SBM-Tallow Grass
Saturated14:0 - - 2.5 4.6
16:0 7.0 11.0 32.7 20.8
18:0 2.4 4.1 20.6 3.3
Unsaturated
16:1 - - 0.8 2.4
18:1 45.6 22.0 25.1 5.7
18:2 45.0 54.0 16.5 14.0
18:3 - 7.5 1.9 49.2
IntramuscularIntramuscular fatfat Swine BeefBeef
SaturatedSaturated Barley-SBM-Tallow Grass
14:0 2.0 2.3 2.7
16:0 23.8 27.4 22.8
18:0 10.6 16.0 14.7
Unsaturated
16:1 3.7 4.0 3.9
18:1 45.1 38.6 40.6
18:2 12.8 3.0 2.1
18:2 CLA - 0.4 1.1
18:3 0.8 0.7 1.1
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
30/41
Effects of biohydrogenation of unsaturated fattyacids in ruminants
Increased concentrations of saturated fatty acids in meat
and milk Increased concentrations of CLA (cis-9, trans-11 18:2) inruminant meat and milk
Anticarcinogenic
Reduces atherosclerosis
Alter body composition
Diabetes control Improved immune response
Improved bone mineralization
Milk fat depression in lactating dairy cows trans-10 , cis-12 CLA produced from linoleic acid in cows
fed high grain diets will directly inhibit long chain fatty acid
synthesis in the mammary gland Reduces the vitamin E requirement of ruminants
Indicates a low essential fatty acid requirement in matureruminants
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
31/41
Microbial synthesis of fatty acids Distribution of lipid in the rumen
% of total lipid (Wet digesta)
Bacteria 4.1Protozoa 15.6
Feed particles in rumen fluid 80.3
Bacterial synthesis C18:0 and C16:0
From acetate and butyrate
Long straight-chain, odd-numbered fatty acids
From propionic acid or valeric acid at the initial step
Increase in cobalt-deficient animals because vitamin B12is needed for animals to use propionate for glucose
Long branched-chain fatty acids
From branched chain VFAs (Isobutyrate, Isovalerate) at
initial step Flavor components in meat and milk
15-20% of the bacterial fatty acids are monounsaturated
Can not synthesis polyunsaturated fatty acids
Bacterial synthesis increases on low fat, high concentratediets
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
32/41
Lipid digestion in the small intestine Mechanism similar to nonruminants
Ether extract digestibility in small intestine islower than in nonruminants
Saturated fatty acids are better absorbed inruminants than nonruminants
Unsaturated fatty acids are less absorbed in
ruminants than nonruminants
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
33/41
Mechanism of lipid digestion in small intestine
Unesterfied Triglyceride Phospholipid
fatty acids Pancreatic Phospholipase A1lipase Phospholipase A2
Unesterfied Monoglyceride Lysolecithin
fatty acid
Bile salt
PhosphatidylcholinePhosphatidylethanolamine
Micelles
Absorbed into mucosa
Micelles break up
Fatty acids < 14 C are transported directly in the blood
10% of the 18:0 is desaturated to 18:1
Long chain fatty acids combine with lipoproteins to produce VLDL (Very LowDensity Lipoprotein contains high Triglycerides) and chylomicrons
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
34/41
Results of case studies
Reference Supplementation
Rumen fermentation efficiency
pH
N-NH3
mg%
Total VFA
mM C2 C3 C4
Protozo
a, x105
cell/ml
Wanapat and APhengvilaysouk, 2008 Control 7.1 6.6 93.1 57.8 21.3 8.8 4.6
Effect of coconut oil
and cassava hay
supplementation onrumen ecology,
digestibility and feed
intake in swamp
buffaloes
CH (Cassava hay 1
kg/hd/d) 7 17.4 108.4 65.9 28.7 11.5 3.3
CO (Coconut oil 2ml/kg of BW) 7 6.3 98.1 57.6 24.9 8.4 1.1
CH+CO (2 ml/kg of
BW+2 ml/kg of BW) 7.1 15.7 103.4 59 28 10.9 1.1
Wanapat et al, 2010 T1 (control) 6.8 16.6 106.2 65.7 22.8 11.5 2.8Effect of vegetable oil
supplementation on
feed intake, rumen
fermentaion, grouth
performance and
carcass characteristic of
growing swamp
buffaloes
T2 (CO:SFO 50:50 at
6%concentrate) 6.8 14.1 102.9 68.4 20 11.7 1.8
T3 (SFO at 6%
concentrate) 6.7 13.5 99.6 66.7 22.8 10.5 2.2
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
35/41
Effect of vegetable oil supplementation on body weight and carcass characteristic
in swamp buffalo
Reference SupplementationInitial
weight, kg
Final
weight, kg
Hot carcass.
%
Backfat,
cm
Loin eye
area, cm2
Wanapat et al, 2010 T1 (control) 190.5 268 52.1 0.4 52.5 11.5
Effect of vegetable oil
supplementation on feedintake, rumen
fermentaion, grouth
performance and carcass
characteristic of growing
swamp buffaloes
T2 (CO:SFO 50:50
at
6%concentrate) 192.8 253.9 50.5 0.3 51.4 11.7
T3 (SFO at 6%
concentrate) 197.3 250.8 49.4 0.2 50.1 10.5
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
36/41
Effect of sunflower oil supplementation in cassava hay based - dietson milk yield and milk composition
Item
CON (comercial
concentrate)
CHSO-0
(concentrat
e with
cassava hay)
CHSO-2.5
(concentrate
with cassava
hay+2.5%oil)
CHSO-5
(concentrate with
cassava hay+5%oil)milk production
Milk yield kg/day 10.2 10.4 11.5 10.8
4% FCM 10.9 11.1 12.3 11.6
milk composition %
FAT 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.8
Protein 3.3 3.1 3 3.1
SNF 9 8.6 8.5 8.7
lactose 5 4.7 4.7 4.7
Total solid 13.2 12.5 12.3 12.5
ChantaprasarnandWanapat, (2008)
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
37/41
References Treatments
Item (% of fatty acid)
C18:1 t-11
Vaccenic
acid
C18:2
Linoleic
acid
c-9,
t-11
CLA
Total
CLA
Oldemiro et al.
(2005)
Control
0.5 kg SFO
0.5 kg SBO
-
-
-
1.62a
2.05b
1.94b
-
-
-
1.26a
2.12b
1.93b
Cruz-Hernandez
et al. (2007)
Control
1.5% SFO3% SFO
4.5% SFO
-
--
-
0.66c
1.19b
1.41a
1.52a
1.88
1.99
2.13
1.96
0.66c
1.90b
2.36b
3.87a
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
38/41
Effect of sunflower oil supplementation in cassava hay based - diets on fatty acid
composition, conjugated linoleic acid in milk fat and the proportion of unsaturated to
saturated fatty acids
Item
CON (comercial
concentrate)
CHSO-0
(concentrate with
cassava
hay)
CHSO-2.5(concentrate
with cassava
hay+2.5%oil)
CHSO-5(concentrate with
cassava
hay+5%oil)
Fatty acid (mg/g fat)
C14:0 113.8 102.1 94.2 92.9
C16:0 332 334.7 273 257.2C18:0 111 80.8 127.8 175.8
Other SFAs 149.8 132.9 121.5 136.2
C18:1 (cis-9) 93.7 111.8 156.2 195.9
C18:1 (trans-9) 12.6 8.6 15.8 24.4
C18:2 (cis-6) 14.2 10.8 13 16.3
C18:2 (trans-6) 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.8C18:2 (cis-9, trans 11)
CLA 2.1 2.4 4.3 5.9
Total CLA 2.6 2.8 5.2 7.3
Other UFAs 14 24.5 18.9 20.7
UFAs:SFAs 0.2 0.25 0.34 0.4
Chantaprasarn andWanapat, (2008)
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
39/41
References Treatments
Item (% of fatty acid)C18:1 t-
11
Vaccenic
acid
C18:2
Linoleic
acid
c-9,
t-11
CLA
Total
CLA
Chantapsarn
and Wanapat.
(2008)
Control
0% SFO-CH
0.25% SFO-CH
0.5% SFO-CH
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.1a
2.4a
4.3b
5.9c
2.6a
2.8a
5.2b
7.3c
Murphy et al.
(2008)
Control
255 g SFO/day
255 g SFO+52.5 g FO
105 g FO/day
4.36
5.61
6.98
7.10
0.83
1.50
1.53
1.40
1.76
1.87
2.36
2.16
-
-
-
-
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
40/41
Conclusion
Fat could be applicable to manipulate and
improve efficiency of ruminal fermentation
through the supplementation of fat in diet.
Thereby, could be enhancement of the
quality of ruminal production.
-
8/8/2019 Term Paper- Lipid Clasfication and Metabolism in the Rumen
41/41
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTIONS!!!