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Teori-Teori Inteligensi
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TEKNIK PEMBUATAN
TES INTELIGENSI
• FAKTOR ANALISA
• Penelitian ini dimulai dengan mengkorelasikan nilai2 yg didapat oleh orang yg sama dalam beberapa tes kemamp yang diikuti oleh orang tsb.
• Setelah itu, dianalisa dgn statistik dlm rangka mencari faktor2 atau traits2 yang umum dalam tes itu.
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• Prinsip utama dari analisa faktor adalah membuat
data menjadi sederhana dgn cara mpkecil
variable2 atau dimensi2 penting yang ada di dalam
tes.
• Dpl, mencari “tema” utama (atau “payung” tema)
dari tes2 yang ada tanpa harus mengorbankan
data2 yg banyak di dalam tes!
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Theories of Intelligence 1) Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory
2) Thurstone’s Multiple Factor Theory
3) Structure of Intellect Model
4) Hierarchical Model of Intelligence
5) Cattell's Two-Factor Theory
6) Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
7) Information Processing of Intelligence.
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Spearman’s Two Factor Theory
Charles Spearman (1863-1945)
• g (general intelligence): melibatkan tugas-tugas yang membutuhkan kemamp kognitif.
• s (specific intelligence): pengetahuan/informasi dan kemamp spesifik yang dimiliki oleh sso yg khusus digunakan untuk menampilkan tugas-tugas tertentu.
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Dalam suatu tes, faktor :
- g = faktor2 yg selalu ada dalam semua tes atau hampir semua tes bermuatan tinggi dan signifikan pd 1 faktor. Misal : Tes SPM
- s = hanya 1 tes yang memiliki muatan tinggi pd faktor tsb = ciri khas. Misal : tes ketelitian, tes numerik.
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Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities
– Primary mental abilities are independent of each other.
– His seven primary mental abilities are:
spatial visualization
verbal meaning
word fluency
number facility
memory
Reasoning
perceptual speed
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- “Primary Mental Ability” = group factor
- V = verbal compre = faktor2nya adl reading compre, verbal analogies, disarraged sentences, verbal reasoning, dll = it is most adequately measured by vocab test
- W = word fluency = rhyming, naming words in a given category (eg. Sebutkan nama anak laki2, atau sebutkan kata yg diawali huruf S)
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- N = number = kecepatan dan ketepatan dalam penghitungan aritmatik sederhana.
- S = space = geometric relation
- M = associative memory = menuntut kemamp mengingat = misal diminta menyebutkan gambar yg baru saja diperlihatkan
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- P = perceptual speed = misal diminta untuk
menyebutkan perbedaan dan persamaan
gambar
- I = induction (general reasoning) =
penalaran induktif dan deduktif.
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Structure-of-Intellect Model
- Berangkat dari keinginan para ahli faktor
analisa untuk membuat hub trait (dari
begitu banyak trait yg terukur dlm 1
battery tes) lebih simpel.
- Dgn cara mengorganisasikan trait yg ada
ke dalam skema yang sistematis
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- Operations = apa yg dilakukan oleh si testee. Termasuk
didalamnya kognisi, memori recording, memory retention,
divergent production (creativity), convergent production,
dan evaluasi
- Contents = sifat dari materi2 yg digunakan untuk
mengukur kinerja sso dlm tes tsb = simbol2 (angka, huruf),
semantic (kata2), tingkah laku, dll
- Products = output = bentuk informasi yg dihasilkan oleh
testee – units, klas, dll.
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Hierarchical Theories
- An alternative schema for the organization
factors
- Burt, Humprey, dan Vernon
- Lihat hal 316 Anastasi atau Sattler hal 49
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Cattell’s Two Factor Theory • crystallized intelligence (CI):
Includes abilities such as reasoning and verbal and numerical skills.
• fluid intelligence (FI) : Skills such as spatial and visual imagery, the ability to notice visual details, and rote memory.
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• CI : memerlukan kemampuan dan pengetahuan dari masa lampau yang sgt tergantung budaya.
• CI melibatkan fungsi kognitif dan pembelajaran berulang kali. Erat kaitannya dengan mental product dan prestasi.
• Contoh tesnya : vocab, general information, abstract word analogies.
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• FI : merujuk pada kemampuan mental yang
bebas budaya dan minim verbal
• FI melibatkan suatu kemampuan yang
mempermudah sso belajar hal-hal baru. Erat
kaitannya dengan mental operation dan
proses.
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• Contoh tes2nya : figure analysis, figure
classification, number and letter series,
matrices, dll
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Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
• linguistic: Sensitivity to the meaning and order of words, as well as the functions of language.
• logical-mathematical: Ability to handle chains of reasoning, numerical relations, and hierarchical relations.
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• spatial: Ability to perceive the world accurately and to transform and recreate perceptions.
• musical: Sensitivity to pitch, tone, timbre, and musical patterns.
• body-kinesthetic: Ability to use one’s body or to work with objects in highly differentiated and skillful ways.
• intrapersonal: Ability to understand one’s own feelings and use them to guide behavior.
• interpersonal: Ability to notice and make distinctions among the moods, temperaments, motivations, and intentions of others.
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Pendekatan Informasi-Prosesing
dalam Inteligensi
• Inteligensi terbagi menjadi dua sistem, yaitu :
1. Architectural System
- ialah : propertis yang didapat sec genetis yang fungsinya sebagai tempat pemrosesan informasi, seperti kapasitas memori, retention of stimulus traces, efficiency (or speedof encoding and decoding information)
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• Terbagi menjadi 3 :
a. Kapasitas (memory span)
b. Durability (retention of stimulus traces)
c. Efficiency
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2. The Executive System
- ialah : komponen yang dipelajari melalui
lingkungan yang dapat menghantarkan
indv u/ problem solving
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• Terbagi menjadi 4 :
a. Knowledge base : pengetahuan dapat memberikan informasi kepada otak, jadi otak tahu info mana yang harus disimpan atau dibuang
b. Schemes : Struktus kognitif yang abstrak, mengasimilasi atau mengakomodasi info baru
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c. Control Process : strategi dan peraturan yang
berguna sebagai alat untuk mengingat,
memahami, dan aktivitas kognitif lainnya.
d. Metacognition : thought about thought or
awareness of one’s own thougt processes and
strategies of thought.