Download - Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Concentration
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Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Concentration.
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Greenhouse EffectConstant temperature:
incoming solar energy = outgoing solar energy
Greenhouse gases found in the troposphere absorb some of the infrared radiation (heat) radiated by the earth’s surface.
Gas molecules vibrate more heat
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Greenhouse GasesTABLE 4a: Anthropogenic (man-made) Contribution to the "Greenhouse
Effect," expressed as % of Total (water vapor INCLUDED) Based on concentrations (ppb) adjusted for heat retention characteristics % of
Greenhouse Effect% Natural% Man-made
Based on concentrations (ppb) adjusted for heat
retention characteristics
% of Greenhouse
Effect % Natural
% Man-made
Water vapor 95.000% 94.999% 0.001%
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 3.618% 3.502% 0.117%
Methane (CH4) 0.360% 0.294% 0.066%
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 0.950% 0.903% 0.047%
Misc. gases ( CFC's, etc.) 0.072% 0.025% 0.047%
Total 100.00% 99.72 0.28%
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Water VaporMost abundant natural
greenhouse gas (95% of total).
Contributes to heating of the ocean surface and the lower atmosphere.
Higher temps = more evaporation = rising of water vapor = more warming.
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2)Present naturally (0.037% of total).Slight increase in last few centuries to
previous levels: helps growth of plant life and extends growing season and range for food crops
Deforestation (Fewer forests) = less absorption of CO2 (plants cannot live without CO2).
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Methane (CH4)More effective (30x)
absorber of long wave radiation than CO2.
SourcesLandfillsAgriculture: intestines of
cattle and sheepWetlands, swamps, bogsCoal mines and natural
gas
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Nitrous Oxide (N2O)Agriculture Source
• Consequence of anaerobic dentrification processes
• Fertilizing landIndustrial source:
High temperature combustion of fossil fuels.
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CFC’s and other Halocarbons
Concerns: Live long and contribute to warming and
greenhouse effect Also deplete ozone Absorb 10,000 times more radiation than
CO2 Sources:
Foam Cleaners Aerosol sprays Coolants for refrigeration and air
conditioningSolution: CFC’s phased out and virtually
eliminated globally as of 2010. Ozone “hole” is natural seasonal cycle and returned to “normal” now that CFC’s have been eliminated.
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global conveyor belt
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2010 New Scientist Report: Islands growing not sinking as originally predicted (Professor Paul Kench, of Auckland University's environment school – see article 6.1.3b2 in student lab manual)
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Ways to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
1. Use renewable energy sources:
Wind powerSolar powerGeothermal
energy
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2. Replanting Forests.
3. Recycling and reuse.
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4. transportation• Carpool & HOV
lanes (High Occupancy Vehicles)
• Use Mass transit• High-mileage
standards
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• Increased deaths from heat and disease
• Disruption of food and water supplies
• Spread of tropical diseases to temperate areas
• Increased respiratory disease and pollen allergies
• Increased water pollution from coastal flooding
Human Health
• Rising sea levels• Flooding of low-lying
islands and coastal cities• Flooding of coastal
estuaries, wetlands, and coral reefs
• Beach erosion• Disruption of coastal
fisheries• Contamination of coastal
aquifers with salt water
Sea Level and Coastal Areas
• Changes in forest composition and locations
• Disappearance of some forests
• Increased fires from drying
• Loss of wildlife habitat and species
Forests
• Changes in water supply
• Decreased water quality
• Increased drought
• Increased flooding
Water Resources
• Shifts in food-growing areas
• Changes in crop yields
• Increased irrigation demands
• Increased pests, crop diseases, and weeds in warmer areas
Agriculture
• Extinction of some plant and animal species
• Loss of habitats• Disruption of aquatic
life
Biodiversity
• Prolonged heat waves and droughts
• Increased flooding from more frequent, intense, and heavy rainfall in some areas
Weather Extremes
• Increased deaths• More environmental
refugees• Increased migration
Human Population
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Action CO2 ReductionDrive fuel-efficientcar, walk, bike, car pool, and use mass transit Use energy-efficient windows Use energy-efficient refrigerator Insulate wallsand ceilings Reduce garbageby recyclingand reuse Caulk andweatherstripwindows and doors Insulate hot waterheater Use compactfluorescent bulbs
Set water heaterat no higher than (120° F)
Wash laundry inwarm or cold water Use low-flowshower head
9 kg (20 lbs)per gallon ofgasoline saved Up to 4,500 kg(10,000 lbs) per year Up to 1,400 kg(3,000 lbs) per year Up to 900 kg(2,000 lbs) per year 450 kg (1,000 lbs)for 25% lessgarbage per year
Up to 450 kg(1,000 lbs) per year Up to 450 kg(1,000 lbs) per year 230 kg (500 lbs)per year per bulb
230 kg (500 lbs)for each 6° C(10° F) reduction
Up to 230 kg(500 lbs) per yearfor 2 loads a week Up to 140 kg(300 lbs) per year