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STelematicsChapter 1: Motivation
User watching video clip
Server with video
clips
Beispielbild
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Application Layer
Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş
Computer Systems and Telematics (CST)
Distributed, embedded SystemsData Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Distributed, embedded Systems
Institute of Computer Science
Freie Universität Berlin
Physical Layer Physical LayerPhysical Layer
http://cst.mi.fu-berlin.de
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Contents
● History of telecommunications● Evolution of communication● Evolution of communication● Economic aspects of telecommunications● Computer networks● The Internet● Why we teach this course?● Example for the course
1.2Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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History of telecommunicationsHistory of telecommunicationsA very short history …
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History of telecommunicationsy
1799: Alessandro Volta invents the battery
1837 S l M d l th t l h1837: Samuel Morse develops the telegraph
1844: Morse sets up a telegraph line between Washington DC and BaltimoreWashington DC and Baltimore
1.4Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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History of telecommunicationsy1858: Installation of the first transatlantic cable for telegraphy
(breakdown after 4 weeks)
1866: Installation of the second cable (worked ~100 years)
1876: Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone (tele=distant, phone=voice)
1.5Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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History of telecommunicationsy1897: Strowger invents the electromechanical telephone exchange
1906: Lee De Forest invents the first amplifier transcontinentalptelephony (from 1915)
1924: First demonstration of bidirectional, mobile, wireless phone (B ll L b )(Bell Labs)
1.6Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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History of telecommunicationsy
● 1953: First transatlantic telephone line! (TAT-1 with 36 Channels)
Name Date Number of Channels Origin DestinationName Date Number of Channels Origin Destination
TAT-1 1956 – 1978 36 Newfoundland Scotland
TAT-2 1959 – 1982 48 Newfoundland France
TAT-3 1963 – 1986 138 New Jersey England
TAT-4 1965 – 1987 138 New Jersey France
TAT-5 1970 – 1993 845 Rhode Island Spain
TAT-6 1976 – 1994 4000 Rhode Island France
TAT 7 1978 1994 4000 N J E l dTAT-7 1978 – 1994 4000 New Jersey England
TAT-8 1988 First fiber line 40000 USA France
TAT-14 2000 Fiber 16 x 10 Gbps USA Englandp g
1.7Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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History of telecommunicationsy
● Since 60ies diverse developments in telecommunication incl. the Internet
1973: First mobile 1977: First digital,1962: Telstar first 1973: First mobile(Motorola “Dyna-Tac”)
1977: First digital, Optical network
(Chicago)
1962: Telstar, firstcommunications satellite
1.8Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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History of telecommunications: Milestonesy
Year Invention Result
1840 Morse-Telegraph Exchange of messages over long distances1840 Morse-Telegraph Exchange of messages over long distances
1861/76 Telephone Voice communication over long distances
1887 Electromagnetic Waves Radio technology
1897 Strowger switch Automatic switching
1923 Broadcast Mass communication
1929 Coax cable High data rates
1964 Satellites Basis of global communications
1966 Fiber Even higher data rates1966 Fiber Even higher data rates
1984 AT&T divestiture Break-up of AT&T monopoly into Baby Bells
1997 Wavelength Division Multiplex Even higher data rates up to 1Tbps (Tera = 1012)
… … ...
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Evolution of communicationEvolution of communicationFrom many networks to one network
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Evolution of communication
● The classical telecommunication is focused on voice communication●Humans are the communication peers●Humans are the communication peers
● Voice communication network
Acoustic AcousticCommunication Communication
Man Man
Acoustic Interface
Telephone Telephone
Acoustic Interface
Communication Interface
Communication Interface
TelephoneMan Man
Technical System
pSet
pSetNetwork
● Requirements● Acceptable voice quality● Availability● Scalability● Cost
1.11
● Cost
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Evolution of communication
1.12Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Evolution of communication
1.13Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Evolution of communication
● Besides voice communication also data communication networks were created●No voice communication
● Every single service demands for its own network
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Evolution of communication
Voice networkVoice networkData network
Convergenceof networks
One networkfor all services
1.15Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Evolution of communicationEvolution of communicationFrom humans and machines
1.16Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Evolution of communication
● Four evolution steps
● Step 1:● Person to person● Direct communication, telephony, ...
● Step 2:● Person to machine● Fax, Email, PC usage, ...
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Evolution of communication
● Step 3:●Machine to machine●Machine to machine● Computer to computer,
e.g. Grid Computing, Sensor networks, Web 2.0
1.18Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Evolution of communication
● Step 4:● Things to things● Things to things
(The Internet of Things)● Computers become more numerous,
cheaper, and smaller. They are implicitly everywhere; they are less computers butcheaper, and smaller. They are implicitly everywhere; they are less computers but rather “things” or “objects”.
1.20Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Evolution of communication : Examples from CST labp
InternetInternet
LAN, WLAN, GPRS
Local Server+ Cache e g Amazon comGPRS + Cache e.g. Amazon.com
GPRS,WLAN,…
RF,wired Wireless embedded
web server
1.22
Industry control system Client…web server
Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Evolution of communicationEvolution of communicationFrom wired to wireless
1.23Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Evolution of communication
1970 2010
S t h M bilSmartphone, Mobile
EmailVoIP Blogs IM
1.24Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
EmailVoIP Blogs IM
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Evolution of communication
● Everybody, at anytime, from anywhere.
anybody, (m)anytime, (m)anywhere
● Trendsetter: Mobile telecommunication ●more than 2 billion user●more than fixed network users●world-wide service by using satellites
● Goal:● Transmission of Voice, Data,
Audio VideoAudio, Video, ...
1.25Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Evolution of communication
LAN100 Mbit/s,
UMTS, GSM115 kbit/sGSM 57 kbit/s
Bl t th 500 kbit/LAN, WLAN
WLAN54 Mbit/s
Bluetooth 500 kbit/s780 kbit/s
UMTS,DECTDECT2 Mbit/s
GSM 384 kbit/s
UMTS, GSM384 kbit/sGSM 115 kbit/s,
WLAN 11 Mbit/
GSM 384 kbit/s,WLAN 780 kbit/s
1.26
WLAN 11 Mbit/s
Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Evolution of communicationEvolution of communicationUbiquitous communication
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Evolution of communication
MainframeComputing
1960s
MiniComputing
1970s
PersonalComputing
1980s
Desktop InternetComputing
1990s
Mobile InternetComputing
2000s1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
1.28Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Evolution of communication
1.29Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
Note: PC installed base reached 100MM in 1993, cellphone / Internet users reached 1B in 2002 / 2005 respectively;Source: ITU, Mark Lipacis, Morgan Stanley Research.
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Evolution of communication
1.30Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
Source: Morgan Stanley Research
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Evolution of communication
● Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology to identify ( ) gy yall types of objects without contact by using radio frequency
● Unlike bar coding RFID● Unlike bar-coding, RFID technology enables the reading, writing, and recording of data on the applied tag irrespective of location, type of environment, contact, or visibility, y
● Thus RFID opens up new opportunities in the areas of identification logistics materialidentification logistics, material management, production, and service.
1.31Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Evolution of communication
● Pervasive computing● Tiny computer embedded in● Tiny computer embedded in
everyday devices, e.g., appliances
● Assisted lifeT l● Travel
●Healthcare● Shoppingpp g●Monitoring/Tracking
d● Disadvantage● Privacy
1.32Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Evolution of communication
1.33Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Evolution of communication: On the road
UMTS, WLAN,DAB, GSM, TETRATETRA, ...
Personal Travel AssistantPersonal Travel Assistant,DAB, PDA, Laptop, GSM, UMTS, WLAN, Bluetooth, IrDA, ...
1.34
Bluetooth, IrDA, ...
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Economic aspects of telecommunicationsEconomic aspects of telecommunications
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Economic aspects: Business sectorsp
● Supplier● Produces hard-/software-technologies, e.g., Siemens, Cisco, Nokia, Alcatel, …● Produces hard /software technologies, e.g., Siemens, Cisco, Nokia, Alcatel, …
● Common Carrier●Offers transportation services, e.g., Deutsche Telekom, Vodafone, KPN, etc.
● Service Provider●Offers value-added services on the basis of the Common Carrier, e.g., Internet
Service Provider, Intelligent Networks, 0800-, 0190- servicesService Provider, Intelligent Networks, 0800 , 0190 services
● Content Provider●Offers contents, e.g., news, magazines, publisher, stores, etc.
● User● Shall pay everything
● A company may belong to several groups!
1.36Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Economic aspects: Converging industriesp g g
C t tContentEntertainment,
Information services,PublisherPublisher
InteractiveMultimedia
CommunicationComputerTelephone, TV, Satellite
Hardware, Software
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Economic aspects: The telecommunications marketp
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Computer networksComputer networks
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Computer networksp
● Digital Telecommunication●Digitalization of all communication forms●Digitalization of all communication forms● Audio, Music, Text, Graphics, Pictures, Video, Technical Data, etc.
● Focusing on multimediaI t ti f l i ti f● Integration of several communication forms
● Basics: Computer-Computer-CommunicationBasics: Computer Computer Communication●Digital telecommunication is exclusively based on computers●Modern telecommunication networks are Computer Networks
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Computer networkspHome appliance Transmission System
LAN 2
Mobile user
B kb
LAN 1Roboter
Backbone
Wireless LAN
1.41Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
Multifunctional/Multimedia Device
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Computer networks: Softwarep
● Complexity of software for networks● Example: EWSD-System of Siemens● Example: EWSD System of Siemens
Elektronisches WählSystem Digital / Electronic Digital Switching System
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
60 MOI
50 MOI Space B-ISDN50 MOI
40 MOI LunarMission
pShuttle
EWSD-APS USA(D k 750 000 DIN A4)
(S9) estimated
30 MOI
20 MOI Apollo
ControlEWSD-APSWM
(Doku: 750.000 DIN-A4)
10 MOIMercury
Gemini EWSD-APSDBP-14
1.42Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
MOI = Million Object-Code-Instructions
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The InternetThe Internet
1.43Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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The Internet
● The Internet consists of● a set of computers, which● use the TCP/IP protocols● are somehow (directly or indirectly) connected● offer or use particular servicesp
● a set of users, which have access to these services● a set of other networks, which (somehow) are accessible
Institute of Computer Science Germany WorldFU Berlin
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Institute of Computer Science Germany WorldFU Berlin
Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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The Internet: Structure
● Goal●World-wide communication of heterogeneous computers●World wide communication of heterogeneous computers
● Structure:● Interconnection of computers and local networks over and partially
i d kinterconnected router networks
LAN
InternetInternet
D fi i i f if l f il TCP/IP
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Definition of a uniform protocol family: TCP/IP
Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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The Internet: The “real” Structure
1.46Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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The Internet: The “real” Structure
● World Connection Density, Courtesy of ChrisHarrison.net
1.47Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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The Internet: The “real” Structure
● World City-to-City Connections, Courtesy of ChrisHarrison.net
1.48Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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The Internet: The Historyy
● http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/index.shtml● http://www.nic.funet.fi/index/FUNET/history/internet/en/etusivu-en.html
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● http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/
Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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The Internet: Developmentp
110100 Number of US households 100
9080
with access (in Mill.)
706050504030 Radio Cable TV
2010
0 Internet/OnlineTV
1922 1950 1982 1994
0 Internet/Online
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(Source: Bertelsmann)
Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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The Internet: User statistics
1.51Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
www.internetworldstats.com
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The Internet: User statistics
1.52Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
www.internetworldstats.com
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The Internet: Number of Hosts
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Source: Internet Systems Consortium, http://www.isc.org/solutions/survey
Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Why we teach this course?Why we teach this course?Relationship between research and teaching
1.54Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Research topicsp
● Network Architectures and Communication Protocols●Wired networks● Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)● Wide Area Network (WAN)● Internet
●Wireless networks Internet
● Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)● Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET),
Wireless Mesh Network (WMN), Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
● GSM, 3GPP, LTE
● Protocols● HTTP, TCP/UDP, IP● IEEE 802.11a,b,g
● Internet of Things
Sensor
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● Internet of Things● Anytime, Anywhere, Anything
MANET
Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Research topicsp
1.56Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Research topicsp
I t tFixed Network
Internet
Sensor Network
1.57Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Research topicspSensor Network
GPRS wireless connection
RadioRadio Buoy with Sensors
Baltic Sea
TemperatureSensors
…
…
Weight/Anchor
Ground
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Ground
Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Research topicsp
● Sensor node with processor, RF, and sensor
RF Transceiver
Antenna
Interface toChain of Sensors
AntennaInterface
ProcessorSensors
1.59Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Research topicsp
ProcessorProcessor
Temperature Sensor
Interface toCh i fChain of Sensors
1.60Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Research topicsp
1.61Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Research topicsp
● Interoperation between sensor networks and other networks
SN SN
GW Bluetooth
GWSN
SN
SN SN
SN
SN
SN
SN
SN
SN
GW
GWSN
GW
1.62Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Example for the courseExample for the courseMultimedia communication over the Internet
1.63Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Example: Video Streaming over the Internetp g
Internet//Intranet
1.64Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation
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Summaryy
● Computers do not stay alone anymore● Communication metaphor evolves from human-to-human communication● Communication metaphor evolves from human to human communication
to everything-to-everything communication● Penetration of computer and networking into all aspects of life● Internet of the Things
● Existing networks are going to be integrated● Telephone networks mobile networks computer networks etc● Telephone networks, mobile networks, computer networks, etc.
● The computer and telecommunication market is young, but one of the fastest growing economic sectors
● The penetration of computer and communications are not everywhere the same in the world
1.65Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 1: Motivation