Download - Tecom Proposal Chapter 1 and 2
Technical Communication
TECB213
Group’s Name: i
Group Member’s Name and ID:
1. Khairul Anwar Bin Abu Bakar (EE082036)
2. Zulherry Bin Manarudin (ME082126)
3. Mahamud Saed Yasin (ME084671)
4. Isse Hassan (CE084664)
5. Muhammad Ismat Faris (EP084833)
Section: 6
Lecturer’s Name: Mr. Ng Yu Jin
Title:
Hydrogen ric h gas from oil palm biomass as a potential source of renewable energy in Malaysia
Hydrogenrich gas¿oil palmbiomassas a potential sourceof r enewable
energy∈Malaysia
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The world’s energy consumption, for the transportation in dependent for the fossil fuels.This
lead is seriously effect in the environmental. The increasing energy demands will speed up to
exhaustion of the finite fossil fuel. Moreover combustion of fossil fuel produces substantial
greenhouse gases (GHG) and toxic gases such as CO2, CH4, SO2 and other pollutants, causing
global warming and acid rain. Progressive emission of GHG has been identified as the main
cause of global warming and the target is to limit global temperature rise. Since the closing of
the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has received submissions of national pledges to cut or
limit emissions of greenhouse gases by 2020 from 75 Parties, which together account for more
than 80% of global emissions from energy use). To achieve this, it is issue to develop suitable
long-term strategies based on especially to find a profitable or practical use for of renewable
fuel that would gradually substitute the declining fossil fuel production; the alternative fuel
must be technically feasible, economically competitive, associated with the environment and
readily available.
Biomass is one of the most abundant renewable resources; it is by fixing carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere during the process of plant photosynthesis and, therefore, it is carbon neutral in its
lifecycle. Biomass provides a clean, renewable energy source that could dramatically improve
the environment, economy and energy security. Annual global production of palm
oil waste amounts to 184 million tons. Are produced about 53 million tons
of waste palm oil annually in Malaysia alone, and increasing annually by 5%. Biodiesel is a liquid
fuel or gas to power stations and transport sectors, which are produced from renewable energy
sources such as biomass. Hydrogen was found to be well-suited for this purpose as it
is clean, high calorific value fuel. From the perspective of the above, and
research throughout the world and focus towards the hydrogen economy Hydrogen will
become a major energy resource in the future. As industrial Malaysia
Palm oil produced a huge amount of residues of palm oil for every year, there was more
interest in the use palm oil biomass of biofuel production, this review is focused on the
thermochemical conversion routes for hydrogen production based on biomass of oil palm, as it
more economical and practical, if hydrogen used as energy. Currently for hydrogen production
is other method such as natural gas reforming is the objective of petrochemical production,
but it does not pay for energy a brief introduction of the biomass of the palm oil in Malaysia is
presented followed by an examination of the effect of different types of catalyst on the
hydrogen yield from biomass.
1:2 statement of the problem
The huge amount of biomass readily available in abundance certainly guarantees its
sustainable supply allowing being continuous operation of the process yearlong with
this realization, thus the study of new and better method of production is processed
with the title as flowing.
Emission of greenhouse gasses progressive greenhouse gases (GHGS), including
generation plants have been identified as the main cause of global warming renewable
energy has attracted a lot of interest with the emergence of large of studies and
research produced annually.
Expert and policy makers widely agree that the reduction of calamite change’s greatest
threat mankind and a challenge for the 21st century and beyond about 80%of world
consumption of primary energy is still dependent on fuel.
1.3 Objective Of the study
The objective of this study is to examine the advantages of hydrogen rich gas from oil palm
biomass as a potential source of renewable energy in Malaysia , at the moment there is
increasing interesting concerning oil palm energy and is the most important to production in
hydrogen from biomass by catalytic routes there are thermo-chemical conversion technology
which can applied for hydrogen production from biomass .Can be directly related to the activity
of Dolomite Cao, the content of Fe203, pore Size and distribution. A major problem with the
use of dolomite is the deactivation due to carbon deposits and material that is soft and fragile,
however and dolomite cheap and easily replaceable. Has been published a large amount of
work in the field of cleaning hot gas from the gasification of biomass using nickel catalysts.
Nickel based catalysts are very effective for tar and removal of modify the composition of the
gas collection gas quality. Nickel can be additional, dolomite olivine significant improvement In
activity towards the conversion of consisting mainly of hydrocarbons to produce by the
destructive distillation of organic substances such as wood, coal, or peat.
1.4 Research Questions
How much hydrogen rich gas from oil palm biomass can we produce in Malaysia in a year?
What is the cost to produce one hydrogen rich gas energy generator?
Where is the area in Malaysia that is suitable to implement the project?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study will be a significant endeavour in producing alternative energy in Malaysia besides
fuel and the combustion of charcoal. This study will also be beneficial to anyone who wants to
develop power generation of hydrogen rich gas from oil palm biomass in Malaysia. By
understanding the increasing demand of alternative energy in Malaysia, this study will help to
achieve it. This study will also guide anyone that is going to do the research in this area in
future. Moreover, this research will provide recommendations on how to evaluate the
practicality of implementing the project in Malaysia.
1.6 The Scope of the Report/Limitation of Study
As the world second largest producer and exporter of palm oil in 2006, Malaysia’s palm oil
industry leaves behind huge amount of biomass from its plantation and milling activity, way
much larger as compared to other types of biomass. Therefore biomass from oil palm industry
has potential to be converted to commercial products such as animal food, fertilizer and
absorbent. It can also be converted to bio-fuel such as bio-ethanol or can be used to generate
electricity.
Biomass has been a major source of energy in the world until before industrialization when
fossil fuels become dominant and researches have proven from time to time its viability for
large-scale production. Although there has been some successful industrial-scale production of
renewable energy from biomass, generally this industry still faces a lot of challenges including
the availability of economically viable technology, sophisticated and sustainable natural
resources management, and proper market strategies under competitive energy markets.
Amidst these challenges, the development and implementation of suitable policies by the local
policy-makers is still the single and most important factor that can determine a successful
utilization of renewable energy in a particular country. Ultimately, the race to the end line must
begin with the proof of biomass ability to sustain in a long run as a sustainable and reliable
source of renewable energy.
Thus, the scope of this report is to present the potentialavailability of oil palm biomass that can
be converted to hydrogen (leading candidate positioned as the energy of the millennium)
through gasification reaction in supercritical water, as a source of renewable energy to policy-
makers. Moreover, this represent the current scenario of biomass in Malaysia ranging from
issues related to availability of feedstock, biomass conversion technologies as well as present
status of oil palm industry in contributing towards sustainable and renewable energy.
1.7 Operational Definition
Biomass is any organic matter such as wood, crops, seaweed, animal wastes that can be used as
an energy source. Biomass is a renewableenergy source because its supplies are not limited
since we can always grow trees and crops, and waste will always exist (Secondary energy info
book, 2011).
Hydrogen (H2) is one of the simplest atoms in this earth that has one proton and one electron.
The energy content in hydrogen very high compared to other fuel and also a very light gas at
normal temperature and pressure. Hydrogen gas can be found only in compound form. For
example hydrogen combined with oxygen is water (H2O), combined with carbon it forms
organic compounds such as methane (CH4), coal, and petroleum. It is found in all growing things
(biomass). Hydrogen is also one of the most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust (Secondary
energy info book, 2011).
The main method to convert hydrogen from biomass is thermo-chemical.
There are three subheadings for producing hydrogen from biomass which are pyrolysis,
gasification and supercritical water gasification (SCWG).
1. Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is conversion of biomass to liquid, solid and gaseous fractions by heating the
biomass in the absence of air at around 500 °C temperature. In addition to gaseous
product, pyrolysis produces a liquid product called bio-oil, which is the basis of several
processes for the development of the various energy fuels and chemicals.Firstly,
hydrogen can be produced by steam reforming of pyrolysis liquid obtained from the
pyrolysis of biomass. Secondly, the pyrolysis process is carried out around 700 °C and
including the removal of tar content of the gas and improving the quality of the product
gas (Kalinci, Hepbasli and Dincer, 2009).
2. Gasification
Gasification is the conversion of biomass into a combustible gas mixture via the partial
oxidation at high temperatures, typically varying from 800 to 900 °C.Biomass is
converted completely to CO and H2 although in practice some CO2, water and other
hydrocarbons including methane in an ideal gasification (Kalinci, Hepbasli and Dincer,
2009).
3. SCWG
The properties of water displayed beyond critical point plays a significant role for
chemical reactions, especially in the gasification process. When water reaches the
critical point (temperature >374 °C, pressure >22 MPa), the properties of both liquid
and gas become identical. Over the critical point, the properties of this supercritical
water (SCW) vary in between liquid-like or gas-like conditions. SCW is completely
miscible with organic substance as well as with gases (Kalinci, Hepbasli and Dincer,
2009).
Chapter 2: Review of Literature
INTRODUCTION
The search for renewable energy in Malaysia has led us to hydrogen rich gas from oil
palm biomass as a potential source. This report will be based on how this potential source can
be applied as renewable energy and what are the information needed I the process. This
research will show how efficient to hydrogen rich gas from oil palm biomass as a potential
source in Malaysia, the cost involved, the area that suitable to implement this project and other
relevant information. Fuel as main energy source is decreasing in amount and the need to
survive has made us realize that this study must be done to enhance the producing and using of
renewable energy. This research will justify the significance of hydrogen rich gas from oil palm
biomass as a potential source of renewable energy in Malaysia.
The body
The gas from oil palm biomass has been identified as, resource, sustainable renewable energy,
specifically countries with abundant agricultural activities, for instance, Malaysia is regarded as
world’s largest producer of palm oil in accordance of its production of huge quantities of palm
oil, as estimated in the year of 2004 Malaysia produced more than 25 million oil palm biomass
where by generating in the form of empty fruit bunch, shell, and fiber.
These biomasses are considered potential source of renewable energy that will get to be
exploited efficiently. So that exploiting and using these biomasses as renewable energy, will
have significant advantage in many aspects, for instance using this renewable energy will
minimize the constant dependency on fossil fuels, as well will cause reduction of net carbon
dioxide emissions which will have significant impact to the global effort of reducing global
warming.
However palm oil biomass renewable energy needs advanced technology that can enable in the
process of biomass conversion into biofuel efficiently as well economically.
There is Pilot project destined to do the job of conversion oil palm biomass into green fuel using
supercritical water technology , named as, PLANT PRODUCTION OF GREEN FUEL FROM PALM
OIL BIOMASS USING SUPERCRITICAL WATER TECHNOLOGY.
This pilot project is run by Malaysian Scientist as the aim of their research is to develop
Technology that converts oil palm biomass into green fuel using supercritical water technology;
they have great expectations of that technology which could convert oil palm biomass to green
fuel using supercritical water.
Efficient utilization of solid biomass, as well as to convert waste product (oil palm biomass) to a
product that has high commercial value (Green Fuel).
Reports have suggested potential route to convert biomass to biofuel such hydrogen (H2) and
bio oil (Viscos liquid containing hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen) could be performed via super
critical fluid technology.
Therefore supercritical fluid technology is a substance that is at conditions of temperature and
pressure that are above its vapor-liquid critical point, at the condition of supercritical fluid does
not meet the criteria of liquid because it can be made to boil by decreasing the pressure at
constant temperature, also it’s not vapor cooling at constant pressure could not cause to
condense.
Summary
However there’s still research that had been carried out for this project as for orchestrating
new Technology that has the potential ability to perform conversion of biomass into green fuel
has to be found. While the technology is made and ready for test it’s believed that that the
green fuel will significant impact to the dominated market of fossil fuel and will result
encourage and boost confidence to further innovations.
CONCLUSION
Nowadays, palm oil industries have become important industries in this country. Since there is
large growth in these industries, a lot of unwanted wastes been produced during the
production of oil palm. The main concern is to convert all of the unwanted wastes into useful
renewable energy. Based on analysis of other researcher founding, oil palm mill wastes can be
converted into solid bio-fuel and biogas that are very useful as a fuel in generating power or
electricity. These can reduce the consumption of fossil fuel and natural gas that has been used
since a long time ago. Besides that, all these types of renewable energy are environmental
friendly fuel since there are no greenhouse effects produced when using this fuel. Several
considerations need to be made in order to produce hydrogen gas from the oil palm waste.
Many experiments have been done in this field by other researcher and they have come out
with several methods in producing the hydrogen gas. However, more research and
development need to be done in enhancing the technologies of producing hydrogen gas from
biomass in order to get a fuel that has equal or better characteristic compare to natural gases.
References
The NEED project, 2011. Secondary energy infobook. Retrieved from
http://www.need.org/needpdf/infobook_activities/SecInfo/HydrogenS.pdf and
http://www.need.org/needpdf/infobook_activities/SecInfo/BiomassS.pdf
Kalinci, Y., Hepbalis, A. and Dincer, I. (2009).International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.Biomass
based hydrogen production: A review and analysis, 34(21). Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319909013391#sec3.1.1
M.A.A. Mohammeda, A. Salmiatona, W.A.K.G. Wan Azlinaa, M.S. Mohammad Amrana, A.
Fakhru’l-Razia, Y.H. Taufiq-Yap. Volume 15, Issue 2, February (2011), Pages 1258-1270.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032110003436
K.Y.T. LEN. March (2009). Gasification Of Oil Palm Biomass In Hot Compressed
Water (HCW) For Production Of Synthesis Gas. Retrieved from
http://eprints.usm.my/10191/1/GASIFICATION_OF_OIL_PALM_BIOMASS_IN_HOT_COMPRESSE
D.pdf
M.Abdullah September (2006) PILOT PLANT PRODUCTION OF GREEN FUEL FROM PALM OIL
BIOMASS USING SUPERCRITICAL WATER TECHNOLOGY. Retrieved from
http://www.researchsea.com/html/article.php/aid/1020/cid/2?
PHPSESSID=c00596b9qallfdd5ifjptmuls2