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Overview of Wind Turbine Technology
S.ARULSELVANC-WET
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Wind Energy..
Wind turbines - a successful technology for
clean and safe production of electricity. Fastest growing renewable energy source.
Globally recognized as environment friendly and
sustainable.
Emerging as a economically competitive source
of energy.
Technology is matured.
Wind energy will never run out, is freely
available and causes no pollution.
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Wind as a source of energy
Wind is air in motion.
It has a mass.
A mass in motion has a momentum
Momentum is a form of energy that canbe harvested.
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Wind Wind energy relies on sun. Wind is
created by uneven heating of the earths
surface.
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Global creation of Winds
Uneven heating of the earth'ssurface. When sun hits one
part of the earth more
directly, it warms that partup. The warm air rises andcooler air rushes in, creatingwind.
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Turbine Evolution
Used for Pumping water
Grinding grain
Presently used for Generating Electricity
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Is it new technology?
9th Century Milling grain
13th Century
Post wind mill by Germans16th Century Dutch type wind mill by Holland
17th Century Euler conducted aerodynamic experiments
1890 Poul La Cour came with aerodynamic blade design
1891 First electricity producing wind turbine
1910
Wind mill becomes popular in Europe1980 Green energy decade for California
1986 First wind mill installed in India (Gujarat)
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Wind Energy
A wind energy system transforms the kineticenergy of the wind into mechanical orelectrical energy that can be harnessed forpractical use.
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Review of Power and Energy Relationships
Force= mass x acceleration F = ma
Typical Units Pounds, Newtons
Energy= Work (W) = Force (F) x Distance (d)
Typical units - kilowatt hours, Joules, BTU
Power= P = W / time (t)
Typical units kilowatts, Watts , Horsepower
Power= Torque(Q) x Rotational Speed()
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Kinetic Energy in the Wind
Kinetic Energy = Work = mV2
Where:
M= mass of moving object
V = velocity of moving object
What is the mass of moving air?
= density () x volume (Area x distance)
= x A x d
= (kg/m3) (m2) (m)
= kgV
A
d
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Power in the Wind
Power = Work / t
= Kinetic Energy / t
= mV2 / t
= (Ad)V2/t
= AV2(d/t)
= AV3
d/t = V
Power in the Wind = AV3
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A couple things to remember
Swept Area A = R2 (m2) Areaof the circle swept by the rotor.
= air density in India its
about 1.225-kg/m3
Power in the Wind = AV3
R
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Wind Turbine Power
Power from a Wind Turbine Rotor =CpAV
3
Cp is called the power coefficient. Cp is the percentage of power in the windthat is converted into mechanical energy.
What is the maximum amount of energythat can be extracted from the wind?
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The Betz Limit A maximum of 59.26% of the available
wind power can be converted tomechanical power at ideal conditions
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Wind Energy Conversion
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Power Conversion
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Axis of orientation- Vertical AxisAdvantages Omnidirectional
Accepts wind from any angle
Components can be mounted atground level Ease of service Lighter weight towers
Can theoretically use less materials tocapture the same amount of wind
Disadvantages Rotors generally near ground where
wind poorer Centrifugal force stresses blades Poor self-starting capabilities Requires support at top of turbine
rotor Requires entire rotor to be removed to
replace bearings Overall poor performance and
reliability Have never been commercially
successful
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Axis of orientation- Horizontal Axis
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Rotor Position
DOWN WIND TURBINEUPWIND TURBINE
WindWind
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Mechanical-electrical functional diagram
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COMPONENTS
1. ROTOR
2. DRIVE TRAIN
3. TOWER
4. CONTROL SYSTEM
5. YAW SYSTEM
6. MAIN FRAME
7. NACELLE Yaw system
Gearbox
Brake
Coupling
Generator
Cooler
Main shaft
Metrologicalinstruments
Mainbearing
Hub withspinner
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WIND TURBINE COMPONENTS
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Wi d T bi C
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Wind Turbine Components Rotor, or blades, which convert the wind's
energy into rotational shaft energy. Nacelle (enclosure) containing a drive train,
usually including a gearbox (Some turbinesoperate without a gearbox) and a generator.
Tower, to support the rotor and drive train;and
Electronic equipment such as controls,electrical cables, ground support
equipment, and interconnection equipment
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Rotor -Comprises of all turning
parts of the unit outside the
nacelle
Rotor Blade
The hub
Blade pitch mechanism
ROTOR
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ROTOR AERODYNAMICS
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ROTORBLADE SECTION
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Turbine Power
(source: Manwell et. al Wind Energy Explained)
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How does the Turbine Rotate
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How does the Turbine Rotate
The pressure difference makes the turbine rotate
Low pressure
High pressureLift
Lift
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Airfoil Nomenclature
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Airfoil Nomenclature
wind turbines use the same aerodynamic principals as aircraft
VR = Relative Wind
= angle of attack = angle between the chord line and the direction of therelative wind, VR .
VR = wind speed seen by the airfoil vector sum of V (free stream wind) and R(tip speed).
V
R r
V
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Rotor Elemental Torque
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Lift & Drag Forces
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Lift & Drag Forces
The Lift Forceisperpendicular to thedirection of motion.We want to make this
force BIG.
The Drag Forceis
parallel to the directionof motion. We want tomake this force small.
= low
= medium
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POWER CONTROL
Power Control throughAerodynamic
(Angle of attack, Pitch angle, Lift & Drag)
Stall control
Pitch control
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PITCH CONTROL
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PITCH CONTROL
STALL CONTROL
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STALL CONTROL
Wind Turbines: Number of Blades
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Wind Turbines: Number of Blades
Most common design is the three-bladed turbine. The most
important reason is the stability of the turbine. A rotor with an oddnumber of rotor blades (and at least three blades) can be considered to
be similar to a disc when calculating the dynamic properties of the
machine.
A rotor with an even number of blades will give stability problems
for a machine with a stiff structure. The reason is that at the verymoment when the uppermost blade bends backwards, because it gets
the maximum power from the wind, the lowermost blade passes into
the wind shade in front of the tower.
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ROTOR BLADE-MATERIAL
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Materials - Al, Titanium, Steel, Fiber reinforced composite material
Fiber reinforced composite Material bladescurrently used in almost all WT structure
Types:
Glass fiber,
Carbon fiber,
Organic aramid fiber (Kevlar)Mostly use glass fiber -Strength properties are extraordinarily high
Carbon fibers
Has longest tearing strength
High modules of elasticity The stiffness of carbon fiber components is comparable to that of
steel
Fatigue properties are good
ROTOR BLADE MATERIAL
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THE HUB
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Rigid hub
all major parts fixed
relative to the main shaft
in which blade pitch can be
varied
no other blade motion is
allowed The main body of the rigid
hub casting or weldment to
which the blades are attached
THE HUB
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Pitching the blades individually
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Pitching the blades individually
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complete wind turbine drive train consist of all the
rotating components
1. Main shaft
2. Coupling
3. Gearbox
4. Brake
5. Generator
Drive Train
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SHAFT
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cylindrical element designed to rotate
transmit torque
attached to the gear pulley and couplings
wind turbine shafts are especially found in
gearboxes, generators and linkages
SHAFT
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MAIN SHAFT / LOW SPEED SHAFT /
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MAIN SHAFT / LOW SPEED SHAFT /
ROTOR SHAFT
transfer torque from the
rotor to the rest of the
drive train and transfer of
all other loads to the nacelle
structure supports the weight of the
rotor
made of steel
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Connecting shaft of the gearbox outlet to the
electric generator rotates with nominal speed of
1500 RPM
fitted with flexible coupling at each end to cater
for small misalignment between generator and gearbox
HIGH SPEED SHAFT
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GEARBOX
Increase the speed of the
input shaft to the
generator
Single heaviest and most
expensive component in a
wind turbine
Types:1) Parallel shaft gearboxes
2) Planetary gearboxes
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PARALLEL SHAFT GEARBOXES
Gears are carried on two or more parallel
shafts
shafts are supported by bearing
Limit to the speed up ratio
To achieve higher speed up ratio, multiple
stages are placed in series
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PLANETARY GEARBOXES
input and output shafts
are co- axial
There are multiple pairs of
gear teeth meshing at anytime
Loads on each gear reduced
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PLANETARY GEARBOXES
Ring wheel
Planet wheel
carrier arm Planet carrier rotates with the samerotational speed of the rotor
blades
Three planet wheel turn around inner
circumference of the ring wheel Increase the speed of the sun wheel
Advantageous:
Always three gear wheels supporting
each other and that all gear wheelsare engaged at the time
in principle it only needs to about a 1/3
of the size
sun wheel
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Classification of Generators
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Classification of Generators
According to the Principle of operation
ASYNCHRONOUS TYPE
SYNCHRONOUS TYPE
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INDUCTION GENERATOR
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INDUCTION GENERATOR
Construction Stator
Rotor
i. slip ringii. Squirrel cage
Working PrincipleNs=120.f/P
Ns-Synchronous speed
% of slip = (Ns-N/Ns)*100
N-Rotor speed
N= Ns (1+s) for generator
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Slip-Torque Characteristic of Induction Machine
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Slip-Torque Characteristic of Induction Machine
P = (2NT / 60)
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CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM TORQUE
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CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM TORQUE
R2=sX2
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Direct grid connected SCIG
Soft
starter
Gearbox
SCIG
Transformer GridCapacitor
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CONVENTIONAL METHOD
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P P P
CONVENTIONAL METHOD
Q
Directly Grid connected SGIG
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NOV 20 2010
Various wind turbine concepts usingasynchronous (induction) generators
Induction generator (WRIG) with slip control
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Directly Grid Connected
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Directly Grid Connected
ADVANTAGES&
DISADVANTAGES
Main advantages
Simple and low cost
Cheap, low maintenance
Main Drawbacks
Low wind energy conversion efficiency
Poor power factor
Power fluctuation output
High mechanical stress on turbine components
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Doubly fed induction generator
Reduced-capacity
converter Transformer GridGearbox
DFIG
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Doubly FED Induction generator-Sub synchronous Operation
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50 Hz
60 x frequency
number of pole pairsrpm =
Rotational speed6-poled stator
Stator field = 1000 rpm
Synchronizing with frequency
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Synchronizing with frequency
50 Hz
AC
DC AC
DC
Stator field = 1000 rpm
Rotor mechanically = 900 rpm
Rotor field = +100 rpm
Doubly FED Induction generator-Super synchronous Operation
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50 Hz
60 x frequency
number of pole pairsrpm =
Rotational speed6-poled stator
Stator field = 1000 rpm
Synchronizing with frequency
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Synchronizing with frequency
50 Hz
AC
DC AC
DC
Stator field = 1000 rpm
Rotor mechanically = 1100 rpm
Rotor field = -100 rpm
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Doubly fed induction generator
The configuration known as DFIG (Double fed induction
generator) correspond to the WRIG (Wound rotor induction
generator) with partial scale frequency converter
The partial scale frequency converter performs the reactive
power compensation and ensures smoother grid connection The generator has a wider range of speed control, e.g.,
(-40% to +30%) around the synchronous speed (wider than
OptiSlip)
The use of slip rings and protection in case of grid faults is
a major drawback
Variable speed operation is obtained by injecting a
controllable voltage into the rotor at the desired frequency
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Doubly fed I.G
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Doubly fed I.G
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
Reduced-capacity converter (cost, efficiency)
Decoupled control of active/reactive power
Smooth grid connection
Disadvantages Regular maintenance of slip ring and gearbox
Limited fault ride-through capability
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ync ronous enerator-
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yConstruction
Rotor
Salient Cylindrical
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Types of Synchronous
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Types of Synchronous
Generator
Electrically excited synchronousgenerator
Permanent magnet synchronousgenerator
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Variable Speed Generator
Direct Rotor Driven Generators
Gearbox
G
Transformer Grid
Fullpower
converter
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Variable Speed Turbines with Full Converter
Parallel VSC converters
High power applications with low voltage (e.g. 690V)
Redundancy
Loss optimized (slave converter disabled at low wind speeds
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COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT WIND GENERATOR
CONCEPTS
World share of yearly installed wind power
for different wind turbine concepts.
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Control and Protection systems
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y
Generator,
converter and
power control
Pitch system
Start, stop and
sequencing Surveillance
Increasing use of advanced electronics for
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Why do we need a control!
the primary energy source is non linear andunpredictable.
Increase in wind speed develops an enormouspower in rotor To be optimized
To transfer the electrical power to the grid at animposed level, for wide range of wind velocities.
To meet power quality requirements
To detect the abnormal conditions and preventing
the wind turbine from possible dangeroussituations
Achieve desired function and Safe Operation
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Control system
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Control system consists of
Various sensors, Transducers and Limit
switches (input) PLC (Process)
Circuit breakers, Converters, contactorsand relays (output)
Set point list
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Important functions of Controlsystem
Alignment to the wind by YawingStart-up and shutdown procedure
Connection of the electrical load
Rotor speed Control
Power limitation
Cable twist limits
Temperature control
Control system
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Transition states Steady State
SYSTEM CHECK
START
Grid Connection
Grid Disconnection
Shutdown
Ready To start
Power Production
Freewheeling
Emergency Shutdown
General Sequence
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What is a protection system
Priority
Fail safe
Single failure and non-safe-life components Two or more failure interdependent
PROTECTION SYSTEM
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PROTECTION SYSTEM
The protection system shall beactivated in such cases as,
Over-speed
Generator overload or fault
Excessive vibration
Abnormal cable Twist
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BRAKING SYSTEM
The braking system shall beclassified into
Aerodynamic braking
Mechanical braking
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BRAKE
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minimum requirement to act as a parking brake
Used for parking the rotor for maintenance purpose
during high wind it bring the rotor to stand still
calipers gripping a brake
brake pads are generally made from sintered metal orresin based material
BRAKE
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BRAKE
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BRAKE
PARTIAL SPAN PITCH CONTROL
Inner part of the blade is fixed relative
to the hub
outer part is mounted on bearings,and
can be rotated about the radial
axis of the blade
Advantageous;
Pitching mechanism need not be aspassive as it must be full span pitch
control
AERODYNAMIC BRAKING SYSTEM
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BRAKE
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TIP BRAKE: function as air brakes
blade tip is fixed on a carbon fiber shaftmounted on a bearing inside the main bodyof the blade
during operation the tip is held fast
against the main blade by a hydrauliccylinder.
effectively stop the diving force of theblades
BRAKE
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BRAKE
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SPOILERS:
Intentionally deployed to create a
carefully controlled stall over part of
a
blade in order to lift it generate.
BRAKE
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NACELLE
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The nacelle cover is the wind
turbine housing Protects turbine
components from weather
Reduces emitted mechanical soundMaterial
G-FRC glass-fiber reinforced
composite materials
On larger Machines it has a holethat it can be entered personal for
inspector (or) maintains the
internal components.
NACELLE
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MAIN FRAME
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Transfer the rotor loading to the yaw bearing and to
provide mountings for the gearbox and generator
either welded beam or casted
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Yaw Control
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Rotate the nacelle with respect to the tower
on its slew bearing
keep the turbine facing in the wind
unwind the power and other cables
Wind Vane on nacelle tells controller
which way to point rotor into the wind
Yaw drive turns gears to point rotor intowind
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YAW DRIVE
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Rotate the nacelle with respect to the tower on its slew bearing
keep the turbine facing in the wind
unwind the power and other cables
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TOWER
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One of the main components ofthe HAWT
Raises turbine up in the air
Ensures blade clearance
Types
Free standing lattice (truss)
Cantilever pipe (tubular
tower)
Guyed lattice or pole
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TOWER
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STEEL LATTICE TOWERS:
Usually assembled from angle section towers are square in plan with tower legs
facilitating the attachment of the bracing
members
Advantageous:
Material saving can be obtained
CONCRETE TOWERS:
In the thirties steel reinforced concrete
towers were used Aerometers
concrete towers are built either conventionalre-inforced concrete towers or pre stressed
concrete towers
Tower should have
Maximum strength ,fatigue
strength,stiffness,buckling criterion
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FOUNDATION
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TOWER FOUNDATION:
The foundation of a Wind turbine must be sufficient to keep the turbine
upright and stable under the most extreme design conditions
at most sites ,the foundation is constructed as a reinforced concrete pad
Installation on rock: rods grouted into holes drilled deep in to the rock
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Types of Foundations
Gravity Based raft foundations Square / Rectangle
Hexagonal
Gravity type pile foundations Inclined pile foundation
Vertical pile foundation
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RCC for Raft Foundation Mounting Part
(FMP)Part CuM Mix Ratio Bags of cementPoured
PCC 16 1:2:4 91
Raft 258 1 : 1.483 : 2.285 2080
Pedestal 40 320
Total Bags of cement 2491 Bags
Top dia. of Tower 2.968 mtrs Qty. of Steel 34.7 Tons
Total wt. of Nacelle 65 Tons Volume of Raft 258.67 CuM
Total wt of Tower 132 Tons Volume of 40 CuM11.02.2011
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OFFSHORE FOUNDATIONMonopile
Monopile
Tripod
Gravity base
Advantages: Fast and highlyautomatedinstallation
No prior
preparation of seabed is required
Simple fabrication
Consist of three basicparts:
Bare pile
Conical transitionthe the Tower that itsupports
Boat landing Planto the pile andprovides a basis forthe J-tube that carriesthe power cable tothe sea bed of thewind turbine.
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OFFSHORE FOUNDATION
Tripod
Tripod foundation threelegged steel jacket
light in weight and cost
efficient 3 piles are driven 10 to 20 Mt.in to the sea bed depending onsoil conditions and ice loads.
Advantages:
3 legged model is suitable forlarger water depths
Minimum preparations arerequired at site before
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OFFSHORE FOUNDATION
Tripod with Suction Buckets
As an alternative to use threepiles to support the tripodstructure and transfer loads to
the soil suction buckets can beused.
One suction bucket thensupport each of three tripodlegs.
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CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
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CHENNAI
OFFSHORE FOUNDATION
Floating Foundation
Typical view of the buoyant floatingfoundation of wind turbine
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The worlds largest wind turbine 7.5 MW
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Now Enercon E-126.rotor diameter - 126 meters (413 feet)135 m hub height
20 million kilowatt hours per year
Swayand Enova, NorwayGoing to build a 10MW wind-turbineblade diameter at 145m (476ft)Hub height 162.5m (533ft).
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Grid Parameters
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VOLTAGE :+10%
FREQUENCY :-3HZ
+1HZ
ASYMMETRYCURRENT :+12.5%
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Indian Power Scenario
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India's total installed capacity
as on July 31, 2010
1,63,669.80 MW
Thermal power - 105646.98 MW
Hydro power plants - 37,033.40 MW
Renewable energy - 16,429.42 MW
Nuclear energy - 4,560.00 MWWind Energy 12000 MW
Source : CEA
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Total Installed Capacity in India
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Fuel MW Percentage
Total Thermal 1,05,646.98 64.6 %
Coal 87,093.38 53.3 %
Gas 17,353.85 10.5 %
Oil 1,199.75 0.9 %
Hydro (Renewable) 37,033.40 24.7 %
Nuclear 4,560.00 2.9 %
RES** (MNRE) 16,429.42 7.7 %
Total 1,63,669.80
Coal,87093.38
Gas, 17353.85
Oil, 1199.75 Hydro(Renewable),
37033.40
Nuclear,4560.00
RES**(MNRE),16429.42
Total 163669.80
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Wind Installed capacity - Top 5
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U.S.A 36220 MW
China 25805 MW
Germany 25704 MWSpain 19450 MW
India 11807 MW
U.S.A, 36220
China, 25805
Germany,25704
Spain, 19450
India, 11807
Total 162,545 as on 31.07.2010
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Wind Power Installed Capacity in India
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Sl.No State Capacity in MW
1 Tamil Nadu 4906.74
2 Karnataka 1472.75
3 Maharashtra 2077.74 Rajasthan 1088.37
5 Andhra Pradesh 136.05
6 Madhya Pradesh 229.39
7 Kerala 27.75
8 Gujarat 1863.64
9 West Bengal 1.1
10 Others 3.2
Total 11806.69
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Total 11806.69 as on 31.03.2010
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IPP
TNEB Wind 17MW
Gas
ThermalHydro
214 MW
CGS
CPP
1180 MW
3130 MW
2187 MW 2970MW
517 MW
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Size revolution
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Size revolution
1985 1995 2005
?2020
55 kW
600 kW
4-5 MW
20-40 MW ?
2011
7.5 MW
Essential requirements
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- High Wind Resources at particular site- Adequate land availability
- Suitable terrain and good soil
conditions
- Proper approach to site
- Suitable power grid nearby
- Techno-economic selection of WEG
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Advantages of Wind Energy
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No fuel cost
Environment friendly and pollution free Potential exists to harness wind energy
Lowest gestation period and capacity addition can be
in modular form
Cost of generation reduces over a period of time Low of O&M Costs
Limited use of land
Accommodation of other land uses
Employment
New market
Local Infrastructure development
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Social Benefits
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Increase in land price
Roads in rural areas
Better employment potential
More number of schools, colleges and
hospitals Improvement in standard of living
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Limitations of Wind Energy
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Located only where strong and dependable
winds are available.
Wind is intermittent and hence infirm power.
Wind towers and blades subject to damage
from very high wind and lightning.
Environmental disadvantages on a local orneighborhood level, include:
Visual impact on landscape Noise emission Moving shadows
Impact on birds Interference with electromagnetic
communication Personal safety
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