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TEAM 1904 – Final PresentationEnhancing Software Defined Radios for Underwater Acoustic Modem
Sponsor The MITRE CorporationFaculty Advisor Dr. Peter Willett
Team Members Hunter Malboeuf (EE), Davis Meissner (EE), Greg Palmer (CMPE)
Enhancing Software Defined Radios for Underwater Acoustic Modem
Sponsor The MITRE CorporationFaculty Advisor Dr. Peter Willett
Team Members Hunter Malboeuf (EE), Davis Meissner (EE), Greg Palmer (CMPE)
TEAM 1904 – Final PresentationEnhancing Software Defined Radios for Underwater Acoustic Modem
Sponsor The MITRE CorporationFaculty Advisor Dr. Peter Willett
Team Members Hunter Malboeuf (EE), Davis Meissner (EE), Greg Palmer (CMPE)
TEAM 1904 – Final PresentationEnhancing Software Defined Radios for Underwater Acoustic Modem
Sponsor The MITRE CorporationFaculty Advisor Dr. Peter Willett
Team Members Hunter Malboeuf (EE), Davis Meissner (EE), Greg Palmer (CMPE)
TEAM 1904 – Final Presentation
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Outline
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Outline
1. Project Goal
2. Background of Underwater Communications
3. Project Requirements
4. Project Components
5. Communication Design Elements
6. Project Overview and Conclusion
a. Simulation
b. Hardware Integration
c. Analysis of System Performance
7. Remaining Schedule
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Project Goal
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Project Goal
● Develop an underwater acoustic communication system using two Software Defined Radios
● Initial goal is one-way SDR communication system
● Stretch goal #1 is to add decision feedback equalizer
● Stretch goal #2 is a two-way SDR real-time communication system
● Three phases:
○ Simulation in MATLAB and C++
○ Hardware Integration
○ Analysis of System Performance
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Background
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Background
• Over 70% of the earth is covered
by water
• The ocean is a 3 dimensional
space - 11,000 meters at its
deepest
• Only 2-3% is explored
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Unmanned Vehicles
○ Autonomous underwater vehicles
○ Remotely operated vehicles
○ Hybrid underwater vehicles
Manned Vehicles
○ Small research submarines
○ Large military platforms
Applications
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Why Acoustic Communications?
● Radio Frequencies (~1m range)
○ Absorbed by seawater
● Light (~100m range)
○ Strong dependence on water clarity
● Ultra Low Frequency RF (~100 km)
○ Massive antennas (kilometers long)
○ Not practical outside of government use
● Cables
○ Expensive to lay & impractical for mobile units
● Acoustic Communications (~1 km)
○ Affordable, low power, and well studied
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Underwater Communication Challenges
● Multipath effects – transmitted messages bounce off the sea surface and bottom, arriving at the receiver at different points in time
● Power losses over the path depend on water temperature and depth of operation for the transmitter and receiver
● Doppler spreading due to transmitter and receiver motion
*Controlled environment of this project allows for AWGN channel to approximate some of these effects
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Project Requirements
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Project Requirements
● Transmit and Receive small text messages in underwater environment○ Using ASCII encoding for text, but potential to extend to other types of
data (.jpg, etc…)● Focus on Waveform Development
○ Modulate using differential phase shift keying (DPSK)○ Error correction to compensate for errors caused by channel○ Interleaving to redistribute bits across waveform○ Synchronization between transmitter and receiver to determine start of
message signal.
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Differences from Previous Years
● 2017
○ Used BPSK modulation in GNURadio
○ Different synchronization system
○ No error detection or correction
○ No equalization
● 2018
○ Developed channel emulator to model effects of the underwater system
on the signal.
● 2019
○ DPSK modulation (C++) with error detection, correction, synchronization
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Project Components
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Components
• Three Ettus X310 Software Defined Radios
• Preamplifier (for received signal)
• 30 dB Attenuator
Ettus X310 Software Defined Radio [1]
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Components
• Host machines to interface between SDRs:
- Three embedded processors (Udoo X86)
*Components are MITRE provided so budget is not a concern for the project
Udoo X86 Embedded Processors [1]
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Current Hardware Setup
Signal Transmission Over Coaxial Wire
UDOO Processor UDOO Processor
Receiver Host DisplayTransmitter Host Display
HDMI HDMI
Ethernet Ethernet
[7]
Ettus X310 Transmitter
Ettus X310 Receiver
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UDOO Processor
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Ettus X310 Transmitter Ettus X310 ReceiverCoaxial Wire
UDOO Processor
Receiver Host DisplayTransmitter Host Display
HDMI HDMI
Ethernet Ethernet
Channel EmulatorCoaxial Wire
UDOO Processor
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Communication Design Elements
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Block Diagram
Signal Source Error Control Coding
Permutation/Interleave Modulation Frequency
Shaping Carrier ShiftCompression
Channel Effects/Transmission
Carrier RemovalBit Decision
Reverse Permutation/Interleave
DecodingDe-compression
ReceivedSignal
Matched Filtering
- only if time permits
- complete
- to be completed
Equalization / Matched Filtering
Transmit Chain
Receive Chain
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Compression
● Encodes information into fewer bits than the original message● Source encoding will be done before our message signal is sent● Source decoding is applied after the signal is received● Lempel Ziv possibility
○ may not be of much benefit for our small data and ASCII messages
Error Control Coding
Permutation/Interleave Modulation Frequency
Shaping Carrier ShiftCompression
010100111001010011010
010100111001010011010
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TRANSMIT
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Begin Message Send
Error Control Coding
Permutation/Interleave Modulation Frequency
Shaping Carrier ShiftCompression
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TRANSMIT
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Error Coding Control
● Detect & correct errors that occurred during transmission
● Hamming Code (7, 4)
● Single bit cyclic redundancy parity check validates overall message
Error Control Coding
Permutation/Interleave Modulation Frequency
Shaping Carrier ShiftCompression
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TRANSMIT
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Interleaving
To mitigate against sporadic bursts of noise, interleaving is used
Original data: 00000000111111110000000011111111
Interleaved: 01010101010101010101010101010101
This way corrupted bits are more often able to be recovered from the Hamming encoding scheme. Matrix interleaving in a 22 by 22 array is used.
Error Control Coding
Permutation/Interleave Modulation Frequency
Shaping Carrier ShiftCompression
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TRANSMIT
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Coding/Interleaving
Error Control Coding
Permutation/Interleave Modulation Frequency
Shaping Carrier ShiftCompression
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TRANSMIT
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Modulation
Error Control Coding
Permutation/Interleave Modulation Frequency
Shaping Carrier ShiftCompression
• Varying our waveform with the information in our message by modulating our carrier signal
• Replaced original BPSK modulation with a noncoherent Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) scheme
• Constant phase represents a “0”, while a shift of 180° represents a “1”
[2] Example of DPSK from tutorialspoint.com
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TRANSMIT
modulation of our waveform viewed in the oscilloscope
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Frequency Shaping
Error Control Coding
Permutation/Interleave Modulation Frequency
Shaping Carrier ShiftCompression
• Root Raised Cosine Filter• Current use in our code was provided by MITRE, not applicable to C++• Used to reduce intersymbol interference
[3] Frequency response of raised cosine filterswikipedia.com
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Synchronization
Error Control Coding
Permutation/Interleave Modulation Frequency
Shaping Carrier ShiftCompression
● Transmitter and receiver need to establish a synchronized clock to be able to properly interpret any incoming messages
● Transmitter will transmit a preamble chirp signal that is gradually increasing in frequency that the receiver can lock onto and be ready to receive message in sync with the transmitter
● Operating through a correlation function
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TRANSMIT
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Synchronization
Error Control Coding
Permutation/Interleave Modulation Frequency
Shaping Carrier ShiftCompression
● Chirp signal signal currently sweeps from 12 kHz to 16 kHz over 2.5 milliseconds
Frequency Shaping
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TRANSMIT
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Carrier Shift
Error Control Coding
Permutation/Interleave Modulation Frequency
Shaping Carrier ShiftCompression
• Stretching or compression of waveforms in transmission• Doppler effect from transmitter and receiver moving
[4] Doppler effect kisspng.com
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TRANSMIT
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Transmission
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Channel Effects/Transmission
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Transmitter Receiver
Channel Emulator
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Transmission
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Channel Effects/Transmission
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• 14 kHz carrier frequency• Sampling rate: 480 kHz• Symbol rate: 4 kHz• 120 samples per symbol
Transmit:○ chirp○ gap○ payload data
synchronizationc
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Carrier Removal
• Stretching or compression of waveforms in transmission• Doppler effect from transmitter and receiver moving
[4] Doppler effect kisspng.com
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Carrier RemovalBit Decision
Reverse Permutation/Interleave
DecodingDe-compression
ReceivedSignal
Matched FilteringEqualization/Matched Filter
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Synchronization
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● Used a correlation function to look for our chirp signal in our received data
● Used sine and cosine version of chirp
● A spike occurs at a location indicating a chirp signal was found
RECEIVE
Carrier RemovalBit Decision
Reverse Permutation/Interleave
DecodingDe-compression
ReceivedSignal
Matched FilteringEqualization/Matched Filter
Graph of correlation values
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Decision Feedback Equalizer (Stretch Goal)
hn
= hn-1
- μ(d(n)-q(n))pn
● Receiver gets signal from direct path and multiple reflection paths● Objective is to account for the addition and cancellation in our waveform● Send known data bits, account for difference in receiver and adjust for payload
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RECEIVE
Carrier RemovalBit Decision
Reverse Permutation/Interleave
DecodingDe-compression
ReceivedSignal
Matched FilteringEqualization/Matched Filter
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Bit Decision
• Input received message signal
• Duplicate signal• Multiply by sine and
copy by cosine• Take an amount of
samples for next symbol• Sum to make bit
decision
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RECEIVE
Carrier RemovalBit Decision
Reverse Permutation/Interleave
DecodingDe-compression
ReceivedSignal
Matched FilteringEqualization/Matched Filter
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Deinterleave
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RECEIVE
Carrier RemovalBit Decision
Reverse Permutation/Interleave
DecodingDe-compression
ReceivedSignal
Matched FilteringEqualization/Matched Filter
Received data: 01010101010101010101010101010101
Deinterleaved data: 00000000111111110000000011111111
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Decoding
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RECEIVE
Carrier RemovalBit Decision
Reverse Permutation/Interleave
DecodingDe-compression
ReceivedSignal
Matched FilteringEqualization/Matched Filter
● Hamming Code (7, 4)
● Detect & correct errors that occurred during transmission and replace the incorrect bits
● Remove parity bits
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RECEIVE
Carrier RemovalBit Decision
Reverse Permutation/Interleave
DecodingDe-compression
ReceivedSignal
Matched FilteringEqualization/Matched Filter
Decoding / Received Message
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Project Overview and Conclusion
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Simulation
● MATLAB model has been modified to:○ Read data from a text file○ Encode data to ASCII characters to bits○ Apply Hamming (7,4) Code and CRC single bit error correction○ Use matrix interleaving for bit redistribution before transmission○ Use chirp signal and correlation to find start of message ○ Transmit over AWGN channel ○ Recover and decode original data
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Simulation
● C++ model has been modified to:○ Read data from a text file○ Encode data to ASCII characters to bits○ Apply Hamming (7,4) Code and CRC single bit error correction○ Use matrix interleaving for bit redistribution before transmission○ Use chirp signal and correlation to find start of message ○ Transmit over AWGN channel ○ Recover and decode original data
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Simulation
● Changes to MATLAB model since Fall final presentation:○ Added single bit CRC to validate overall message○ Added chirp signal for synchronization○ Adding DFE○ MITRE provided us a new channel emulator in MATLAB
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MATLAB Output
- No encoding used * Hamming(7,4) and Interleaving used
BPSK
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Hardware Integration - C++ Status
● Completed porting over MATLAB functions○ Interleaving / Deinterleaving○ Error Detection / Correction with Hamming
Encoding and CRC○ DPSK Modulation / Demodulation ○ Synchronization
● Stretch goals○ DFE implementation○ Add hardware channel emulator
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Analysis of Received Waveform
● Relevant quantities that will be extracted from data include:○ Bit error rate (BER)○ Signal to noise ratio (SNR)○ Actual data transmission and reception rates
● Third SDR and processor will be used to apply channel effects○ Test theoretical operation of C++ code before water testing
● Lab data can compared to MATLAB and channel emulator results
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Experimental Difficulties
● Learning C++○ bugs, crashes, syntax
● Spent a day troubleshooting a bad cable● Relearning how to use oscilloscope functions● Using convolution instead of correlation● USRP doubling carrier modulation● Exporting data from Linux on Udoo board to Matlab on PC
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Stretch Goals
● DFE implementation● Test MATLAB using channel emulator● Test hardware using channel emulator
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Sponsor Contact
● Visited MITRE on November 19th to tour facility and obtain hardware○ Learned to operate embedded processors and SDRs
● Received hardware integration C++ code in late January● Received static MATLAB channel emulator in mid March● Received C++ channel emulator for third SDR recently.● We’ve been holding regular weekly meetings with MITRE and
Professor Willett to discuss status updates
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Demo Day Plan & Final Deliverables
● Poster displaying:○ General overview of process○ MATLAB Performance figures○ C++ Performance figures SNR, BER
● Demonstration:○ Transmit a message through the hardware channel emulator
● Deliverable: One-way DPSK communication system○ MATLAB simulation Code○ C++ hardware Code○ Final Report
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Schedule
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QUESTIONS?
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Works Cited[1] MITRE. 2019 Senior Design Project Outline
[2] DPSK Image from Tutorials Point https://www.tutorialspoint.com/digital_communication/digital_communication_differential_phase_shift_keying.htm
[3] Raised Cosine Filter Image https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raised-cosine_filter
[4] Doppler Effect Image https://www.kisspng.com/png-relativistic-doppler-effect-doppler-radar-wave-spe-919067/preview.html
[5] Globe image https://scienceline.org/2017/04/protecting-two-thirds-globe/
[6] DFE Image https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2017/EECS-2017-112.pdf
[7] Ubuntu Machine https://www.ubuntu.com