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Teaching for Urbanism: A Didactical Experience in a Newly
Academicized Area
R.Rocco, M. Biggs, D. Buchler, R. Rooij
Prepared by Roberto Rocco
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Where do students come from?16 different countries (2010)
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Where do students come from?Per world region
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WannabesAt the end of the masters course, I will be:
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Wannabe (per area)
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WHAT IS URBANISM?
‘URBANISM’CANDESCRIBEVARIOUSTYPESOF
UNDERSTANDINGS AND PROFESSIONAL
Q U A L I F I C A T I O N S T O B E F O U N D I N
CONTINENTALEUROPEANDINLATINAMERICA
WITH AN EMPHASIS ON THE DESIGN OF THE
BUILTENVIRONMENT.
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PROFESSIONAL AND ACADEMIC TRADITIONS
PROFESSIONALANDACADEMICTRADITIONSEXPRESSEDINTHEWORD‘URBANISM’ASUSEDINTHENETHERLANDS,FORINSTANCE,AREDIFFERENTFROMTHESPATIALPLANNINGORURBANDESIGNTRADITIONSPREVALENTINTHEANGLO‐SAXONWORLD.
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URBANISM = STEDENBOUW?
THEREISAPARTICULARUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEDISCIPLINEINTHENETHERLANDS,WHICHISNOTALWAYSCOMMUNICABLETOOUTSIDERS,PARTLYBECAUSEPRACTICESARESOINGRAINEDTHATTHEYBECOME‘INVISIBLE’(THOSEPERFORMINGTHEMARENOTAWARETHEYAREDIFFERENTORNOTABLE),ANDPARTLYBECAUSETHOSEPRACTICESARETHERESULTOFVERYSPECIFICSOCIETALPRACTICESWHICHDONOTTRANSLATEEASILYTOOTHERCONTEXTS.
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SKILLS+QUALITIES+ VALUES+TOOLS + KNOWLEDGE
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THE “NATURE’ OF URBANISM
THESTRETCHEDSCOPEOFURBANISM,WITHITSLARGERANGEOF
INPUTSDRAWNFROMVARIOUSDISCIPLINES,SEEMSTOCREATE
CONFUSIONABOUTTHENATUREANDTHEFORMOFANEDUCATION
IN‘URBANISM’ATTUDELFT(ATECHNICALUNIVERSITY).
WEVERIFYTHEEXISTENCEOFSEVERALCOMMUNITIESOF
PRACTICEWHOVALUEPRACTICEANDTHEORYDIFFERENTLY.
THEDEVELOPMENTOFACOURSEINURBANISM(INCLUDINGBOTH
SPATIALPLANNINGANDURBANDESIGNASESSENTIALELEMENTS)
HASAHIGHDEGREEOFIDIOSYNCRASY(WHATWECALLAN
ISOLATIONISTPOSITION).
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AN ISOLATIONIST POSITION
ANISOLATIONISTPOSITIONINACADEMIAPROMOTESTHEVIEWTHATACOMMUNITYORINDIVIDUALSDOINGRESEARCHCANESTABLISHTHEIROWNPARAMETERSOFASSESSMENT,WITHOUTREFERENCETOOTHERCOMMUNITIESINACADEMIA.
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AS OPPOSED TO...
ASITUATEDPOSITION
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DIFFERENT RESEARCH PARADIGMS IN ‘URBANISM’: PRACTICE X ACADEMIA
THELACKOFSHAREDCRITERIAWITHOTHER
DISCIPLINESMAKESITDIFFICULTTOARTICULATE
ANACADEMICMODELOFKNOWLEDGETHAT
RECONCILESVALUESHOLDBYTHEPROFESSIONAL
PRACTICEANDVALUESHOLDBYTHEACADEMIC
COMMUNITY.
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AN APPROACH BASED ON THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES?
THE‘PRACTICAL’(ORAPPLIED)APPROACHWOULDHAVE,INATECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY,AFFILIATIONSWITHTHE
PARADIGMSINOPERATIONINTHE
PHYSICALSCIENCES(ESPECIALLY
ENGINEERING,INTHEDUTCHTRADITION).
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DESIGN PRACTICE
BUTURBANDESIGNPRACTICEISNOTONLYRELATIVETOATECHNICALWORLDVIEWANYMORE,ANDURBANISMALSOINCLUDESELEMENTSOFPLANNING...
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THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM HAS CHANGED
HOWEVER,BECAUSETHEUNDERSTANDINGOFTHE
NATUREOFTHEPROBLEMHASCHANGEDINTHE
LASTFEWDECADES(NAMELY,THE
UNDERSTANDINGOFTHECOMPLEXITYOF
SPATIALORGANISATIONOFHUMANACTIVITY
OVERSPACE),APURELYTECHNICALAPPROACH
BASEDONTHEPHYSICALSCIENCESONLYISNO
LONGERPOSSIBLEORDESIRABLEINURBANISM.
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AMBIVALENCE BETWEEN PRACTICE & RESEARCH
OTHERRESEARCHPARADIGMSHAVEBEENINCORPORATEDINORDER
TOCOMPLYWITHTHECOMPLEXITYOFTHEPROBLEM,CONSTITUTING
ANETWORKOFKNOWLEDGETHATISPERMANENTLYCHANGING.
THEREARENEWTOOLS,NEWDISCIPLINESBEINGINCORPORATED
ANDNEWPROBLEMSTOBEFACED.
THE‘WORLDVIEW’OFURBANISMISMULTIPLEANDINPERMANENT
TRANSFORMATION.
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AN EMPHASIS ON DESIGN
WHENTHEEMPHASISISPUTONDESIGNPRACTICE,
ELEMENTSOFCREATIVITY,SPONTANEITYAND
CRAFTSMANSHIPAREVALUED.THESEELEMENTSARE
VALUEDANDSOUGHTAFTERBYSTUDENTSAND
TEACHERSALIKE.
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AN EMPHASIS ON RESEARCHWHENTHEEMPHASISISONRESEARCH,URBANISMGENERALLYDIALOGUESWITHOTHERMORE‘TRADITIONAL’DISCIPLINESLIKEHUMANGEOGRAPHY,ECONOMY,LAW,PSYCHOLOGYANDSOCIOLOGY.
ANEMPHASISONRESEARCHDOESNOTEXCLUDEDESIGN(PRACTICE),BUTTHEROLEOFDESIGNCANBEUNDERSTOODDIFFERENTLYBYDIFFERENTCOMMUNITIESOFPRACTICE.
ONEOFTHECONFLICTSBETWEENPRACTICEANDRESEARCHININUNIVERSITYARISESFROMTHENECESSITYTOINHABITTHEWORLDOFACADEMIA.
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WHY MAKE IT ‘ACADEMIC’?
THENECESSITYOFACADEMICIZATIONARISES,IN
OURCONTEXT,FROMTHEPERCEPTIONTHATA
PRACTICALEDUCATIONONDESIGNSKILLSALONE
ISINSUFFICIENTTODEALWITHTHEBROADER
TASKATHAND:
_UNDERSTANDINGTHECONTEXT,THEROLEAND
WISHESOFSTAKE‐HOLDERSANDTHESOCIO‐
POLITICALFORCESTHATULTIMATELYPRODUCE
‘REALWORLD’SPACE.
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DEMANDS OF DESIGN RESEARCH
DESPITETHECLAIMTHATTHECOURSE
OFFERSARESEARCH‐BY‐DESIGN
ALTERNATIVE,THEOUTPUTSINDICATE
EITHERAPROMINENCEOFRESEARCHORA
DUALTRACKOFRESEARCHANDDESIGN.
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WHAT IS THE CONTRIBUTION OF DESIGN FOR AN EDUCATION IN SPATIAL PLANNING
AND DESIGN?
IFDESIGNWANTSTOCLAIMASPECIALROLE
INANURBANISMEDUCATION,ITNEEDSTO
CLARIFYHOWITCONTRIBUTESTOTHE
OUTPUTSINTHECOURSEANDHOWITISPART
OFASOUNDMETHODOLOGICALTRAJECTORY.
BASICREQUIREMENTSHAVETOBEAGREED
UPON.
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THE QUESTION
THISCONTRIBUTIONCOULDBECLARIFIEDBYASKINGQUESTIONSSUCHAS:
WHATWOULDYOUNOTBEABLETO
COMMUNICATEIFYOUDIDNOTDESIGN?
WHATWOULDYOUNOTBEABLETO
ANSWERIFYOUDIDNOTDO
TRADITIONALACADEMICRESEARCH?
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EIGHT TENTATIVE CRITERIA
FOUR‘REQUIREMENTS’OFACADEMIC
RESEARCH(THATAPPLYTOALL
DISCIPLINES)
FOUR‘ISSUES’INAREASOF
CREATIVEPRACTICE(DISCIPLINE
SPECIFIC)
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AUDIENCE
GENERIC CRITERIA FOR ANY ACADEMIC PURSUIT
QUESTION ANSWER
METHODS
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DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ISSUES
ROLE OF TEXT AND IMAGE
RELATIONSHIP OF FORM AND
CONTENT
FUNCTION OF RHETORIC
MANIFESTATION OF EXPERIENCE
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ROLE OF TEXT AND IMAGE
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RELATIONSHIP FORM AND CONTENT
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FUNCTION OF RHETORIC
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RHETORIC
We use rhetoric as constituting things through language', rather than 'being a persuasive orator'.
Rhetoric refers to the impact that language has on what one can and cannot think (Wittgenstein 1971). This means that how something is said, and indeed saying anything at all, begins to direct thoughts in a particular way.
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RHETORIC
This seems to be an objection of many designers, as they feel the potential for description, argumentation and outcome in the visual realm may be compromised by speaking, because these aspects of creation do not necessarily share the linear structure of language, for example (Lin and Biggs 2006).
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RHETORIC?
Although this is an important objection, it does not mean that the work has to be left to speak for itself, because of aspects related to transferability of knowledge.
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MANIFESTATION OF EXPERIENCE
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EXPERIENCE
Designers often consider experience as the most important contribution of the object and that it therefore has an essential role in the outcome of PbR.
However, experience is a problematic component in research because of its philosophical subjectivity, by which we mean that it relates to the individual's personal experience.
What is experiential is first-person, and therefore non-transferable to other people. The question is, how to make it so?
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OUR GUIDING PRINCIPLES
1.THECOURSEMUSTSEEKASITUATEDPOSITIONOFURBANISMSTUDIESINACADEMIA,NOTANISOLATIONISTPOSITION.
INOTHERWORDS,STUDIESINURBANISMMUSTMAKEREFERENCETOANDTAKEUPPARAMETERSFROMOTHERAREASOFKNOWLEDGEANDNOTONLYSELFARROGATEITSOWNPARAMETERS(E.G.ONLYDESIGNERSUNDERSTANDDESIGNS,ETC)
THISISTOAVOIDANINWARD‐LOOKINGWORLDVIEW,DISCONNECTEDFROMOTHERDISCIPLINESANDFROMOTHERAREASOFKNOWLEDGEDEALINGWITHTHEBUILDENVIRONMENT.
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OUR GUIDING PRINCIPLES
2.THEEMPHASISOFTHECOURSEISONCOMMUNICATIONANDCOMMUNICATIVEREASONING.
DESIGNHASASPECIALANDUNIQUEROLEHERE,DIFFERENTFROMTEXTUALCOMMUNICATION.
HOWEVER,BOTHTEXTANDIMAGENEEDTOCONVERGEANDCOMPLEMENTEACHOTHER.
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OUR GUIDING PRINCIPLES
3.THEEMPHASISONCOMMUNICATIONGOESHANDINHANDWITHIDEASONACADEMICRESEARCH:“ASYSTEMATICPROCESSOFCOLLECTINGANDANALYSINGINFORMATIONTOINCREASEOURUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEPHENOMENONUNDERSTUDY.
ITISTHEFUNCTIONOFTHERESEARCHERTOCONTRIBUTETOTHEUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEPHENOMENONANDTOCOMMUNICATETHATUNDERSTANDINGTOOTHERS”,ORINOTHERWORDSTOADDTOTHEEXISTINGBODYOFKNOWLEDGE.(HTTP://WPS.PRENHALL.COM/).
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OUR GUIDING PRINCIPLES
TOWHICHWECANADDTHEROLEOFDESIGNRESEARCH,WHICHISPROPOSITIONAL(IMAGININGANDMATERIALISINGFUTUREPOSSIBILITIESINSPATIALSETTINGS).
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OUR GUIDING PRINCIPLES
HOWEVER,INOUROPINION,STUDIOWORKALONEISNOTENOUGHBECAUSESTUDIOWORKGENERALLYDOESNOTGUIDESTUDENTSINDOINGSITUATEDRESEARCHWHICHCANHAVERELEVANCEINTHEREALWORLD.
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OUR GUIDING PRINCIPLES
4.THESEIDEASPOINTATTHEROLEOFRESEARCHANDDESIGNASEMINENTLYINTERACTIVE/INTER‐SUBJECTIVEACTIVITIES,WHEREONENEEDSTOBUILDUPCONCLUSIONSINCOMMUNICATIONWITHOTHERSBUTALSOINCOMMUNICATIONWITHAWIDERCOMMUNITYOFPEOPLESTUDYING,BUILDING,FINANCINGANDLIVINGINCITIES.
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THE GRADUATION YEARTHEGRADUATIONYEARISCOMPOSED
BYTHREEMAINCOURSES:
1.RESEARCHANDDESIGNSTUDIOS
(WITHTHEIROWNSUB‐COURSES)
2.METHODOLOGY(THESISPLAN)
3.THEORY(THEORETICALREVIEW
PAPER)
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DESIGN AND RESEARCH STUDIOS FORMER OUTPUT
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION +
SLOPPY REPORT
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DESIGN AND RESEARCH STUDIOS OUTPUT: THESIS REPORT
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METHODOLOGYCOURSEOUTPUT:THESISPLAN
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THEORY COURSE OUTPUT: AN ACADEMIC PAPER
Eroded public spaces: Impacts on public space by socio-economic transformations in Eastern Europe. Tadas Jonauskis
- 1 -
Abstract – This paper will review the literature regarding to socio-economic changes on public spaces in
Easter European countries after the fall of USSR. It covers the topics of privatization, commercialization,
virtualization and mobilization that are the main process affecting the use of public space. Public space is the
main focus of this paper and the main question to be answered is how public space was impacted and changed by
rapid socio-economic transformations in Eastern Europe. Therefore this paper investigates the way society have
changed and the way new elements which were introduced, such as car and virtual networks, after the fall of
Soviet Union affect the behaviour and life style of the people which resulted how differently people started to
use pubic space. Literature review on these elements and aspects will give an overview and suggestions how the
public space is used and what are the threats and negative elements created by the processes of transformation
that can be avoided or solved in later graduation project stages.
Key words – Public space, urban life, street vitality, meeting place, shifted centralities, Eastern Europe, urban
society, privatization, car culture, commercialization
1 Introduction This paper will explore the reasons why public
space have changed and is still changing in state of
transition from socialism system to capitalism one
in Eastern European countries after the fall of USSR.
Socialist cities had strict rules on how the public
space had to be used and how society had to look
like and to be shaped. The use of public space was
not only different in physical characteristics from
the Western cities but also it was different how
society was seeing it and using it. A sudden change
after the fall of USSR led to number of
interpretations and unplanned and chaotic changes
in the way people were using public space. Soon
after former limitations of public realm, public
opinion and public politics in Soviet Union society
was free to express itself in a way it could imagine.
People were fascinated by formerly forbidden
‘western culture’ which suddenly became
unbreakable part of everyday life and horizon to
reach, “first comes Coca Cola, then a Shell petrol
station, then a Rolls-Royce dealership and you are
part of the league” (Bogle August 1996). As Kiril
Stanilov investigates, numbers of different social
and economic processes have started to change the
use of public space, and ‘western culture’ gained
more and more importance (Stanilov 2007).
However ‘western culture’ didn’t bring only wealth
and life quality, but on contrary it resulted in
number of negative effects which are expressed in
the way people are using public space.
This paper will cover main reasons of the public
space to be changing. Literature review will help to
identify the changes and the affects on public space.
The main question to be answered with this paper is
how public space was impacted and changed by
rapid socio-economic transformations in Eastern
European countries.
This paper will start investigating the privatization
of land together with privatization of former state
economic activities was provoked by the need of
relaying of your own. It resulted in physical
shrinkage of space and shifted balance between
public and private spaces (Stanilov 2007). In
addition new commercial activities are effecting and
changing the meaning of public space by creating
and promoting consumerist way of using the space
which lead to decay of users in other than commerce
oriented spaces. Another aspect is increase in use of
virtual networks which created new possibilities to
practice public discussions and public opinion and it
led to fewer reasons for meeting other people in
physical space. In addition mobility and private car
Eroded public spaces: Impacts on public space by rapid socio-economic transformations in
Eastern Europe.
Tadas Jonauskis
Study number 1535536 _ [email protected]
Delft University of Technology, Department of Urbanism
5th Graduation Lab Urbanism Conference
January 28th 2010
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Eroded public spaces: Impacts on public space by socio-economic transformations in Eastern Europe. Tadas Jonauskis
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away from physical space to a virtual. Increased mobility created separation of the people from each other and segregated areas which are mono-functional and pedestrian unfriendly and car oriented. In the end we can conclude that cities started to change from open and collective to closed and individual cities. It changed from open city in terms of open and well accessible public space to a closed city in terms of privately owned and fenced city. Accordingly collective way of living was changed to a private ‘western lifestyle’ with the importance if individual rather than society as such. To sum up, public space was important tool to create collective communist society but now it is not used and not understood as a tool to create and promote social interactions but in opposite it is resulted to be used as a tool to separate and alienate people and create the city for individualities. 10 Recommendations The main intention of this paper is to determine the processes that are affecting the use of public space after the fall of USSR in Eastern European countries. It showed the way people are using public space under new social and economic conditions and how public space has changed in past couple decades. This given overview will give literature based argumentation for further site specific empirical research and will play a theoretical underpinning role in graduation project. Acknowledgements I would like to express my appreciation to mine main mentor Stephen Read who gave well structured support on the topic of public space. Also I would like to appreciate Remon Rooij and Ana Maria Fernandez-Maldonado for a support and lessons on writing this paper. Bibliography ANDREWS, KALIOPA DIMITROVSKA, 2002, Mastering the post-socialist city: impacts on
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Market Snatchers, Energy Economist,
CARMONA, MATTHEW, 2007, Public places -
urban spaces : the dimensions of urban design: Architectural Press, Oxford
CHRISTIAANSE, KEES, 2008, "[Restricted
Access] or The Open City?" In Urban trans
formations, by Ilka Ruby and Andreas Ruby, 138-145, Ruby Press, Berlin
GEHL, JAN, 2001, Life between buildings : using
public space, Danish Architectural Press, Copenhagen
HAJER, MAARTEN, ARNOLD REIJNDORP, AND ELS BRINKMAN, 2001, In search of new
public domain : analysis and strategy, NAi Publishers, Rotterdam
HANASZ, WALDEMAR, November 30, 1999, "Engines of liberty. Cars and the collapse of
communism in eastern europe."
JACOBS, JANE, 1998, The death and life of great
American cities, Random House, New York
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Urban transformations." Master thesis, Delft
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Publicness: Steps toward an Urban Space.", Footprint, pages:7-22
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Central Europe." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, pages: 697-714
STANILOV, KIRIL, 2007, The Post-Socialist city, Springer, Dordrecht
TEERDS, HANS, 2009, "Public Realm, Public
space", In OASE 77, Into the open. Accomodating the public, by Tom Avermaete, Klaske Havik and Hans Teerds, pages: 21-31, NAi Publishers, Rotterdam
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public happiness in post-war Europe, NAi Publishers, Rotterdam
THEORY COURSE OUTPUT: AN ACADEMIC PAPER
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HOW MUCH DESIGN IS DESIGN IN A RESEARCH BY DESIGN EDUCATION?
SUSANRAJU’STHESISREPORT(GRADE9):
100PAGES
70PAGESOFANALYSIS
30PAGESOFDESIGNANDSTRATEGYPROPOSAL
19PAGESWITHORIGINALDRAWINGS
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Research is an essential part of an education at university level
Disagree Agree
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Research is not really necessary for a good and creative design project.
Disagree Agree
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Academic research is essentially characterised by the existence of a question and methods to answer it
Disagree Agree
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Being systematic is the only thing that matters in research
Disagree Agree
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I don't need to explain my method. What really matters is that the results reach my quality standards.
Disagree Agree
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Planning and design are the same thing, because the result of any plan is a good design.
Disagree Agree
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Planning and designing are two totally different processes
Disagree Agree
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Wikipediaisaverygoodacademicsource.IcanuseWikipediaasthemainsourceformyresearch.
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InformationintheInternetbelongstoeveryone.ThereforeIcanuseeverythingIfindintheInternetonmyresearchanddesignprojectwithoutnecessarilyindicatingwhereIgotitfrom.
Disagree Agree
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Doingresearchgetsinthewayofmycreativity.Designingisallaboutcomingupwithgreatideasandgivingthemashapeinthematerialworld.
Disagree Agree
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Plannersanddesignersarepartofacomplexconstellationofstakeholdersshapingspace.
Disagree Agree
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Plannersanddesignersaretheoneswhoguidesociety'sdevelopment.Theyareproblemsolversandtheyshouldhavemoreastrongervoice.
Disagree Agree
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR COMMENTSPARTNERS:
UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE, SCHOOL OF ARTS AND DESIGN
TU DELFT, URBANISM, CHAIR OF SPATIAL PLANNING AND STRATEGY
FUNDED BY:
UK ARTS AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH COUNCIL
Tuesday, 5July, 2011