Teachers responding to disruptive pedagogy
Integrating ICT across the curriculum“It’s not simply changing paper for digital files” (Hedberg 2006)
Terry FogartyDoctoral Candidate - UNE
Today’s PresentationIntegrating ICT across the curriculum
Reports on: a comprehensive literature review an action research pilot case study in two schools some ideas on how ICT could be integrated a reflection on a post-constructivist epistemology and learning theory that could be considered to inform any integration process
All things change (in time)
Students would teach themselves Teachers would be employed as ‘learning advisors’*
Who would have thought?
The Swiss watch would become obsolete
Celluloid would go from cinemas
The Berlin Wall would fall
* SMH 16 Sep O6: Corpus Christie High School, Oak Flats
The way students learnhas changed
Teachers now compete hourly against the Internet“learners connect understanding across disciplines, applying key concepts and evaluating multiple solutions within ethical frameworks” (MCEETYA, 2005)
The way teachers need to teachhas changed
1999: MCEETYA’s ‘Adelaide Declaration’ 2001: Decision to test ICT skills 2004: Integration of ICT across the curriculum (Stages 4 & 5)
2004: NSW Teacher’s Act 2006: Computer Skills Assessment Test
The winds of change have been:
Do students know more?
Quite possibly! students often know more about technology (Spender, 2003; Lawson, 2004; Elliott (2004)
students did better in a test on skills unfamiliar to their teachers (Fogarty, 2005)
Than their teachers?
SMH: Doherty, 2005
ICT in the Classroom
Teacher’sCMS -Wiki
Secure ClassPortal
ProductivityTools
(MS Office)
Thinking to Learn
MindTools
CommunicationsDiscuss (BB) Reflect (BLOG)
Testing Assessment
Chat
LAMS
MailCalendar
(MS Outlook)
ExternalLearning Portals
Reporting
StudentConstruction
ICT SubjectObjects
Learning Objects
MS
DESKTOP
INTERNNET
WWW
LMS
Technology
Pedagogy
Problems with ICT in the classroom
Students 1st cohort schooled for 3 rather than four years
Teachers Lack time, resources and support
Schools Concern re assuring student outcomes
Are students ready?
We find out on Monday, 11th December 2006 with the release of the NSW School Certificate results incl. CSAT
Recent in school study
Source: Fogarty 2006
Teachers claim Technology Students perform
Good skills
Lack skills
Lack skills
Good skills
MS Word
Data Base
Multimedia
www & @mail
Badly
On average
Best
OK
ICT in the classroom?
REGULARLY (20%)
5% expert users
15% serious users
Sources: Fogarty, Phelps et al, Leung et al, Conlon, Becker, Cuban
MOSTLY NOT (80%)
35% occasionally
45% never
Teachers use of
Teachers can use computers!
For administration
Personal productivity
80% use at home to prepare less lessons
communicate with colleagues
search the InternetSource: Cuban, 2000
Are teachers ready?Lack of computersPoor reliabilityLack of technology supportLack of pedagogy supportLack of resourcesLow levels of competencyLack confidenceLack timeNot part of school cultureWorking conditionsNeed to ‘unlearn’ traditional pedagogy
Sources: Hayes, Probert, Cuban, Cuttance, Dailhou, Varasidas & Glass
Fogarty (2006)
80+% want training
Many don’t know how
Teachers need
PD
ICT experts
Teams
Resources
Computers
Incentives
Flexibility
Support
SkillsPedagogyResourcesPractice
Sources: Steketee, Budgen, ACOT, Dailhou
Two schools (one state, one private)
Around 60 teachers engaged in three projects
Stage 5 English – Create a Visual Ad
Stage 5 Geography – Population Pyramid
Teacher’s Multimedia (Create a website in 3-easy steps)
Case Study: Net-ICTThe integration of ICT across the curriculum
“We’re English teachers – what’s it got to do with us?”
6.2 Students learn to: compose a range of imaginative texts including narrative, poetry, instructions, scripts, advertisements and websites
On-line student guide
ICT expert needed to:
Develop learning resources Web site ‘How to’ guides Activity task sheet
Book resourcesTrain subject teachersConduct/assist lessons (for some teachers)
Teachers
ICT
Expert
Student Exemplar
GeographyStage 5
“Create a Population Pyramid”
MS Excel, Paint & Word
Multimedia for teachers“Create a website in 3-easy steps”
82% of teachers had reported they lacked Multimedia competency44+ teachers invited to personal training – 11 accepted (25%)
Step-by-step
Learning Guide
(10 mins.)
Teacher reflections
VISUAL ADVERTISEMENT
“This activity worked well”
“ Really fitted in well with our work”
POPULATION PYRAMID
“It was a great activity – one I will use again and again”
TEACHER MULITMEDIA
“Excellent”, “Very important”
ALL DEEMED
SUCCESSFUL
Issues (raised by teachers)
“Why are subject teachers expected to teach ICT skills?”“General lack of training and experience with ICT”“Team subject and ICT specialist”“Lack of reliable access to computers”“Prefer paired or small group activities” (allows one student to assist another)
Project reflection
Teacher’s concern of lack of experience, competency and resources are valid
Appropriately supported, hesitant and cautious teachers can successfully engage students with disruptive pedagogy to develop ICT competency
Project Recommendations
Promote disruptive pedagogies
Redesign learning spaces
Release ICT experts to develop training, pedagogy and resources
Productively redeploy IT infrastructure
Adopt National ICT Standards?
Infectious, endemic ICT – students engage & enjoy learning
It means students mayengage & learn!!
Where is the best place to start?Some IDEAS for integrating ICT
Zemsky & Massey suggest:
• PowerPoint & Email
• Course Management Systems
• Digital interactive resources
• Total redesign of curriculum (using new pedagogy)
Source: Zemsky & Massey
How ready are teachers?Teachers are reasonably confident with PowerPoint and Email
Are teachers ready for Learning Management Systems?
LAMS
ICT integration sequencefor teachers
PLS
PD
CBSCMS
LMS
LAMS
Professional learning sequencefor teachers
Adopt an operational strategy to match the ICT and pedagogical competencies of teachers with the technological readiness of the school
Key short term goal: Manage the technology environment to establish teacher confidence in ICT
PLS
SMS
CBS
CMS
LMS
LAMS
Professional Developmentfor teachers
Develop individualised Professional ICT Development plans for teachers
PLS
PD
CBS
CMS
LMS
LAMS
Confidence Building Solutionfor teachers
Provide teachers with:
Stable, supported technology
Specialist ICT support
Time to learn and integrate
PLS
PD
CBS
CMS
LMS
LAMS
Content Management Solutionfor teachers
‘”It’s not just about changing paper for digital” (Hedberg)
“But perhaps that is a place to start” (Fogarty)
PLS
PD
CBS
CMS
LMS
LAMS
Which LMS?
Learning outcomes
Source: Metros (2003)
Phase 1: Learning System
ProductivityTools
MS Office
Thinking to Learn
MindTools
CommunicationsDiscuss Reflect
Testing Assessment
Chat Rooms
MailCalendar
MS Outlook
ExternalLearning Portals
Reporting
ICT SubjectObjects
Learning Objects
GRAPHICAL
EDITOR
MS
FILE
MGR
Teacher’sCollaborative
Secure ClassPortal
StudentConstruction
Many teachers
Can electronically produce: Course outlines Assessment schedules Homework requirements Learning activity sheets Assessment Task sheets Resources lists Useful websites lists
Subject/Course/Class NoodlesRelatively simple for teachers to:
Create wiki pages
Upload files
Hyperlink resources
Graphical Web page editor
Upload a file
Class Portal (Noodle)
REFLECTIONEnter Disruptive Pedagogy
A ‘new way’ of teaching that will eventually replace current classroom practiceKey dimensions include:
high order thinking skills, dialogic literacy, ‘democratised’ resources generative personal construction of understandings, knowledge scaffolding representational framing of ideas, student engagement, and social interaction.
Sources: Hedberg, Jonassen, Bereiter & Scardamalia, Metros, Salmon)
Are teachers & schools ready for Disruptive Pedagogy?
Conservative in nature Resistant to changeLack of technology infrastructure & supportLack of preparation & release timeIncompatibility: traditional teaching/ spaces with constructivist learning frameworksNeed for policy,curriculum, and assessment reform?
Sources: Vrasidas & Glass 2005; Fogarty 2006
Constructivist learning
Most disruptiveICT-based pedagogy
tends to be constructivist in
nature
Constructionism
Social
Constructivism
Each teacher,
known as a
LEARNING
ADVISOR supports
the growth and
learning of a small
groups of students
in a technology
rich learning
environment
SMH 16 September 2006
A new epistemology?
What is the best epistemology to inform pedagogy for the digital ‘connected’ classroom?
Is Constructivism the best approach?Herron & Reason’s Participatory / Cooperative approach is of some interest (including as the basis for Action Research in schools)
Participatory / Cooperative Learning
Epistemology
Methodology
Knowledge accumulation
Critical subjectivity
Participatory transaction
Experiential, propositional
Practical knowing, Co-created
Political participation
Collaborative action
Primacy of the practical
Shared experiential
Communities of inquiry within communities of practice
Source: Herron & Reason
CONNECTIVISM
A new learning theory for the digital age?
Diversity of opinionsConnecting information sources (knowledge collectives)Critical capacity to know moreNurturing and maintaining connections Identifying connections between fields, ideas, and conceptsCurrency is crucial, Lens of shifting realityDecision-making as a learning processWhat is right today may be wrong tomorrow
Source: Seimens
Practical Knowing
Aristotelian heritagePhronesis – practical, context dependent values deliberation
Episteme – theoretical knowledge
Techne – pragmatic, context-dependent practical rationality
Bloom’s learning domains
Affective – attitudes, values, belief
Cognitive – knowledge
Psychomotor - skills
Greenwood & Levin typify social science knowledge as bridging concrete practical intelligence with value-based reflectivity
Social Collectives
Derive from Plato’s ‘Panpsychism’
The social mind within communities of practice
Collective knowing
Group mind (such as wikipedia?)
Amplifying learning, knowledge and understanding – the epitome of Connectivism
Sources: Seimens, Brown, Greenwood & Levin
Technical Credits
Animations: office.microsoft.com/clipart
MP3 soundtracks: freeplaymusic.com Opening herald: “Night Watch” Change theme: “Knife Fight” Multimedia for all: “Warriors Knights” Closing theme: “Holdin Back”
Contact: [email protected]