Download - Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)
![Page 1: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Teacher Education in Ethiopia:
History, Development, and Current Status
Tesfaye SEMELA, PhDResearch Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation at
University of Tübingen, IfE, School Pedagogy
1
![Page 2: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
• Introduction to Ethiopia: Geography, People, and Culture
• History of Education• Education System• Teacher Education in Ethiopia• Teacher Education in Ethiopia
– Beginning of Teacher Education– Pre-Primary– Primary– Secondary
• Key problems, challenges , and Future Research.
2
![Page 3: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Ethiopia: Introduction
• Location– Northeast Africa or Horn of
Africa
• Size: 1.21 mil. Sq.Km• Population 80 mil.
• 85 ethnic groups/• 85 ethnic groups/Languages
• Three major religions– Eth. Orthodox (42%)– Muslim (34%)– Protestant (19%)– Catholic (1%)– -Others (3%)
• Currency: ETB, 1Euro =18ETB 3
![Page 4: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Indegenious Education
• Interface between relegion and education – Education begun with the
entry of christainaity in Ethiopia in the 4th Century A.DA.D
– The Ethiopian Orthodox Church was (in some instances, still is) responsible for the education of the population (Wagaw 1979; Negash 1990).
4Rock hewn church of Lalibela (above) , St. Mary's’ Orthodox Church, Addis Ababa.
![Page 5: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Indegenious Education …cont‘d
• Mosque Education – Maderesa (Islamic schools)– Islamic education has joined Orthodox Church after
the introduction of Islam in Ethiopia in 12th century A.D.
• Achievements of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church– The Saba (ethiopic) script – Ethiopia the only country
in SSA with written script of its own. – Recording and developing Ethiopian cultural, social,
religious, and intellectual wealth ..\Videos\RealPlayer Downloads\Learn Amharic Now!!! The Entire Order - The Language of RasTafari - ethiov.com.flv 5
![Page 6: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Teaching Profession: Pre-modern period
Church Education (Amare, 1967) • Primary Education : Fedel(learning the ethiopic
alphabets, Acts of the Apostles and Psalms of David )
• Secondary Education: Zema bet (Singing i.e. Church
Music and dance)Music and dance)
• College Education: Kene bet (Ge‘ez Grammer,
translation of texts, and composition of versus and
Logic )
• University Education: Mesafbet (House of books) has
four areas of specialization: a) Old Testament, (b) New
Testament, c) Dogma & Philosophy , & (d) Astonomy
6
![Page 7: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Teachers of the Church Schools
– But Primary Level (Fedeal of the Geez alphabet and others) is taught by priests who underwent sound education in villages and rural localities (until today).
– Zema bet are higher levels- and teaching is – Zema bet are higher levels- and teaching is conducted by qualified church scholars called „Meri Geta“ meaning a „learned man“
– Kene bet and Mesafbet are equivalent to college and university education respectively …thus, teaching is done by highly qualified church scholars.
7
![Page 8: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Begining of Modern Education
• Western type education offically began in 1896 – However, earlier (before
1890s) there were attempts
• Ethiopian Kings of the time were very suspicious of the activities of Western missionaries
1890s) there were attempts by protestant missionaries to introduce Western-style education
– since they see threats of mass conversion of its population to Catholicism or Protestantism.
8
![Page 9: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Influencial Personalities
• 1896 Opening of the first Modern School. Named after Emperor Minilik II
•Minilik II was the pioneer of modern, Western-style education
•Minilik was a famous King of Kings who led Ethiopia to the victory of Adwa over the Italian Occupation forces. Some scholars even equate him with Prussia/German Politician Otto von Bismarck (Zewde 2002)
9
![Page 10: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Father of the Empire- Emperor Haileselassie I
• He believed that it is only through education that Ethiopia can catch up with the rest of the
10
with the rest of the developed World.
• The Emperor himself was the Minister of Education.
Emperor’s classroom visit in Teferi Mekonnen School in Addis Ababa.
![Page 11: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Beginning …cont’d
School children Early Modern School
11
The 2nd modern school in Addis Ababa, Teferi Mekonen SchoolStudents of early 20th Century
![Page 12: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Beginning*
• Teacher Education in Ethiopia is roughly asold as the beginning of modern Western-styleeducation. (Late 19th Century)education. (Late 19th Century)
• The programs are divided into three majorgroups namely
– Kindergarten, primary, and secondary levels.Training of teachers for children with special needsis also undertaken
12*As soon as modern education started, foreign teachers were hired from Egypt (Coptic
Orthodox Christians)
![Page 13: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Teacher Education Today
�Teacher Education Programs�Teacher Education Programs�Current status: Training �Challenges of the education system�Research areas
13
![Page 14: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Structure & System of Education
Higher Education (3-6yrs)
Secondary – II (2 yrs)
TVET, 10 +1, + 2, & +3
Secondary- I (2 yrs)
Primary ( 8 yrs)
Nursery + Kindergarten
GSLCE
14
![Page 15: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Structure and System of Education…….cont‘d
University Study PhD 3-4 yrs
M.A./MSc 2yrs
B.A./BSc. 3-5yrs
Technical Vocational Education (TVET)
10 +1 1 yr- 10+3 yrs(Primary Teacher Traning
General Secondary School Leaving Certificate Examination (GSLCE)
General Secondary (9 & 10th Grades)
Primary (8 years)2nd Cycle… 4 years
1st Cycle…. 4 years
Pre-School – Kindergarten (3 years)15
![Page 16: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Training of teachers
• It is undertaken only in Government Institutions
� Primary Teachers ….17 Teachers’ Colleges
� Secondary Teachers.…23 Universities
16
Ethiopian primary school Children, MoE 2009
![Page 17: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Teacher Education Qualification Framework
• Minimum Qualification Required
– 10 + 2 years
• Diploma
– 10 + 3 years
�Certficate�Teach in KG and Grades 1 – 4 Grades
�Diploma
– 10 + 3 years
• PGDE (postgradute Dip in Ed.)– B.A. /B. Sc + 1 year Diploma
�Teach Grades: 5-8
� Degree + Postgraduate Diploma
�Teach in Secondary School
17
![Page 18: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Overview (Source : Ministry of Education Annual Abstract, 2009)
Kinderg. Primary Secondary TTI/TTC** University
Enrollment 263,464 15,340,786 1, 502, 133 263, 001
Female (%) (P1: 46.5%, P2:39.4%)
S1: 13.8%S2: 2.9%
24.1%
Teacher(%Female)
9,794 253, 629 (37.1%)
33, 736(11.4%)
8,355(10.3%)(%Female) (37.1%) (11.4%) (10.3%)
Institutions 2,740 23, 354 1, 087 /17 23
Budget Share*
61.1 9.1 25.6
CSR*** DNA 62 74 DNA DNA
*Total share of education from national Budget 19.6% (MoE 2008)** TTI = Teacher Training Institute, TTC = Teacher Training College (Gov.)*** SCR = Student Classroom Ratio; DNA = Data Not Vailable
18
![Page 19: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Data on population of teachers
• Number of Secondary School Teachers – Total = 33, 736– Female = 3, 852– Male = 29, 883
• Number of primary school teachers – Total = 253, 629– Total = 253, 629– Female = 94, 004– Male = 159, 625
• Pupil-Teacher Ratio– Secondary (43:1), 2008 (MoE 2009) regional disparity is highly apparent
(Somali 92, Oromia 53, while AA =26)– Primary: P1 = 62; P2 = 50 (Somali 137, South = 74)
19
![Page 20: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Proportional Representation: Gender Issues
Female
Total (%)
Proportion of Teachers by Gender (%) in Ethiopia
20Source : Ministry of Education Annual Abstract, 2009
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Male
Male Female Total (%)Secondary 88.4 11.6 100Primary 62.9 37.1 100
![Page 21: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Current Qualification of teachers (as of 2009)
The proportion of teachers qualified to teach at different levels [as per the Ethiopian Education Training Policy (ETP)]
• Primary Level 1st Cycle …..93.3% hold Primary Teaching Certificate
• Primary Level 2nd Cycle…..66.3% hold College Diploma
• Secondary Level…………….63.9% hold B.A./BSc or BEd degree
21Source : Ministry of Education Annual Abstract, 2009
![Page 22: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Teacher Educators
� Subject specialists*, e.g. in Math, English, Physics etc… over 50% have graduate degree, less than 10 % PhDs, the remaining B.A./BSc i.e. Graduate Assistants.
� Professional courses: are offered by majority of M.A. � Professional courses: are offered by majority of M.A. holders in Pedagogy & Psychology, Curriculum & Instruction.
� Subject Methodology (e.g. Math didactics, Physics Didactics) is almost non-Existent
22* In most cases have no training in teaching
![Page 23: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Key problems of Teacher Training
Primary and Kindergarten
• The number of children demanding early childhood education and primary schools are rapidly growing outstripping supply.
• Quality of school infrastructure and teachers remain poor or even deteriorating.
• The training for primary school teachers is very short and leaves a lot to be desired in terms of the quality of candidates.
• Kindergarten teacher training is left for the private sector and quality is believed to be even poorer except in few prestigious elite Kindergartens.
23
![Page 24: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Key problems
Secondary teacher education (Mekonnen 2008; Semela 2008)
• Professional competence of teachers is deficient
• Content knowledage is inadequate
• Teachers do not much the standards & expectations of the profession (Moral & Ethics)
• Teaching is theoretical & teacher-centered (MoE 2003),
• Shortage of qualified teachers that led to TV Instruction at Secondary Schools.
24
![Page 25: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Challanges of teacher education and teachers
• Failure to attract qualified candidates to the profession
• Serious lack of qualified teacher educators particularly …in
subject methodology (Fachdidaktik)
• Problems of resource and expertise to train teachers with
special needs
• The low status of the teaching career
• Bad workplace conditions (Semela 2003; 2008)
25
![Page 26: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Future Research (knowledge gap)
• History and development of teacher education (including traditional education)
• Teacher recruitment policy & practice and impact on • Teacher recruitment policy & practice and impact on quality.
• The impact of teacher qualification on child development.
26
![Page 27: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Future Research ….cont’d
• Early childhood teacher training
• Teacher education for children with special needs.
• Gender Issues in teacher education
• Distributive justice of qualified teachers in rural and peripheral communities.
27
![Page 28: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
References
• Amare, G. (1967). The Aims and Purposes of Church Education in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Education, Vol.1, No. 1, 1-11.
• Mekonnen. D. (2008). Reflections on the Teacher Education System Overhaul (TESO) program in Ethiopia: Promises, pitfalls, and propositions. Journal of Educational Change, Vol. 9, No. 3, 281-304.
• MoE. (2009). Annual Education Statistical Abstract. Ministry of Education, Addis Ababa.
• Negash, T. (1990). The Crisis of Ethiopian Education : Some Implications for Nation-• Negash, T. (1990). The Crisis of Ethiopian Education : Some Implications for Nation-Building, Uppsala Afrikainstitute, Uppsala University, Sweden.
• Semela, T. (2008). Teacher Education at Crossroads: How Should Ethiopian Secondary School Teachers be Trained? Journal of Education for Development, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1-37.
• Semela, T. (2003). Impacts of Teachers’ Working Conditions on their Plan to Stay in their Career in sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Southern Ethiopia. PhD Dissertation, University of Tübingen, Germany.
• Wagaw, T. (1979). Education in Ethiopia: Prospect and Retrospect. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press
• Zewde, B. (2002). A History of Modern Ethiopia (1855-1991) (2nd Ed.), Addis Ababa University Press.
28
![Page 29: Teacher Education in Ethiopia(R1)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012400/553df2f44a7959502f8b4847/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Vielen Dank!
29