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Taxonomy:Classification of Life
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Lesson Essential QuestionsWhat is the basis for our modern
system of taxonomy (classification of living things)?
How are organisms placed into kingdoms?
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History of Taxonomy
Carl LinnaeusSwedish botanistfather of taxonomystandardized binomial nomenclature (two name
system: genus species), e.g., Homo sapiensgrouped organisms into species based on appearance
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Modern Taxonomybased on evolutionary relationshipsmembers of the same species share genetic
similarities3 domains
3 Domains of Lifedescended from a Common Ancestor
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Modern Taxonomy3 domains further subdivided into 6
kingdoms
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KingdomsOrganisms are categorized into kingdoms based on • Cell type (prokaryote or eukaryote)• Complexity (unicellular or multicellular)• How they obtain energy (autotroph or
heterotroph)
6 KINGDOMSARCHAEBACTERIA FUNGI
EUBACTERIA PLANTAE
PROTISTA ANIMALIA
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Cell Type:Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTESSimpler More complex
Smaller in size Larger in size
No nucleus Nucleus
No membrane-bound organelles
Membrane-bound organelles
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Complexity:Unicellular or Multicellular?
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How Energy is Obtained:Autotroph or Heterotroph?
photoautotroph
chemoautotroph
Autotroph = “self-feeding” Use light or chemicals to
make their own energy Producers
Heterotroph = “different nutrition”
Eat other organisms to obtain energy
Consumers
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ARCHAEBACTERIA“old bacteria”
Type of Cell Prokaryotic
Metabolism Autotrophic (Chemo/Photo) or Heterotrophic
Cell Number
Unicellular
Reproduction
Asexual: Binary fission
Examples Methanogens: decomposition/digestion ① Halophiles: salt loving ②Thermoacidophiles: volcanic vent bacteria ③④
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EUBACTERIA“true bacteria”
Type of Cell Prokaryotic
Metabolism Heterotrophic, some Photosynthetic Autotrophs
Cell Number
Unicellular
Reproduction
Asexual: Binary Fission
Examples Disease-causing bacteria, probiotics, decomposing bacteria
Cocci: round Bacillus: rods
Spirillus: spiral
strep
staph
E. coli
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PROTISTA“first organism”
Type of Cell Eukaryotic
Metabolism Photosynthetic Autotrophs/Heterotrophs
Cell Number
Unicellular/Multicellular Colonials
Reproduction
Asexual: Mitosis
Examples Algae, seaweed, zooplankton, phytoplankton, amoeba
volvox
amoeba
euglena
paramecium
plasmodium
spirogyra
dinoflagellate
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FUNGI“sphongus” Greek for sponge
Type of Cell Eukaryotic
Metabolism Heterotrophic: saprophyte (absorbs from decomposition)
Cell Number
Unicellular or Multicellular
Reproduction
Asexual: mitosis Sexual: gamete union
Examples Yeast, molds, mildew, mushrooms, puffballs
yeast
penicillium mold
black mold
toadstool bracket
mushroom
puffball
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PLANTAEType of Cell Eukaryotic
Metabolism Photosynthetic Autotrophs
Cell Number
Multicellular
Reproduction
Asexual: budding, runners Sexual: meiosis
Examples Moss, ferns, conifers, flowering plants, fruits & vegetables
moss ferns conifers flowering
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ANIMALIAType of Cell Eukaryotic
Metabolism Heterotrophic
Cell Number
Multicellular
Reproduction
Asexual (regeneration)/Sexual
Examples Invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
invertebrates
fish
amphibians
reptiles
birds
mammals
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SummarizeAt the bottom of your notes, in your own words and in complete sentences, answer these two questions:How has the basis for taxonomy
(classification of living things) changed since Linneaus?
What criteria are used to classify organisms into kingdoms?