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TACTICAL VISION
Hal W. Breedlove, ODVirginia Beach, Virginia
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INTRODUCTION
• Optometric Involvement in Shooting Sports– Olympics– Recreation and Competitive– NRA Schools and Clinics
Optometric Involvement with the Tactical Athlete‐ Research‐ Publications‐ Performance Programs‐ Personal Involvement
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PHILOSOPHY
• Why is the Visual System so Important?– 80% of everything you will ever respond to comes through the Visual System. Unfortunately, we take this neuromuscular response system totally for granted, until we need it most, in a life‐or‐death situation.
– As a profession, Optometry understands concepts used in input and response to stimuli.
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OPTIMAL COMBAT PERFORMANCE SKILLS
• Visual Processing– Wide visual field– Distinguish shapes, colors and shades– Perceive quick, subtle movements – Quickly adjust far and near vision– Enhanced visual reaction time
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OPTIMAL COMBAT PERFORMACE SKILLS
• Analytical Processing– Analyze and evaluate subtle cues (threat assessment)
– Formulate survival responses– Prioritize threats– Anticipate– Remain calm
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OPTIMAL COMBAT PERFORMACE SKILLS
• Motor Performance – Execute fine motor skill (precision shooting)– Execute complex motor skills (combat shooting, pursuit driving)
– Execute gross motor skills (physical movement)
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BODILY RESPONSE TO A THREAT
• What happens when a threat is encountered?• Increased Blood Pressure• Increased Respiration• Increased Galvanic Skin Response• Increased Blood Glucose• Increased Mental Activity• Increased Muscle Strength• Increased Emotions• Increased Reaction Time
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BODILY RESPONSE TO A THREAT
• Responses caused by Sympathetic Nervous System discharge– Controlled to Uncontrolled environment
• Controlled – low arousal (present training environments)• Uncontrolled – activates Reticular Activation System
– Bodily Protection – reflexes, flinch– Arousal and Attention– Fight, Flight or Fright– No Direct Control– Mass Discharge
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BODILY RESPONSE TO A THREAT• Sympathetic Mass Discharge will orient the body to receive
as much information as possible for threat analysis and bodily protection – “Survival Stress?– Head will turn square to center visual input upon each eye– Pupils dilate to allow more light and information– Hyperopic shift– Lid lift– Suppression of accommodation or focusing ‐ parasympathetic– Loss of night vision– Loss of depth perception– Loss of peripheral vision – perceptual narrowing– Divergent posturing (outward positioning of eyes)
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BODILY RESPONSE TO A THREAT
• Results of Sympathetic Nervous System Response On Shooting– Two –Eyed Firing– Eye Dominance– Perceptual Narrowing
– The Perceptual Stress Response
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STRESS RESPONDERS DECREASE EFFICIENCY IN :
• Depth Perception ‐ where is it?• Movement Analysis ‐ where is it going?• Perception ‐ where am I in relation to the threat?
• Reaction Time – what is happening?
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VISION IS DOMINANT – THIS SENSORY RESPONSE WILL SUPPRESS ALL OTHER
SENSES
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TOPICS
• Binocular Shooting• Sight Picture• Eye Dominancy• Visual Reaction Time
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TWO‐EYED SHOOTING ADVANTAGES
• Visual sensitivity, or the ability to respond to environmental changes, is more than twice as great as one‐eyed
• Less light needed• For a visual cortex cell to fire efficiently, there needs to be a
summation of signals from the two eyes• Monocular depravation causes disruption of cortical
connections• Tracking of a moving target is binocularly monitored• A 20‐30% improvement in visual‐motor task efficiency• Needed for distances of 25 feet or less• Open motor skill – uses feedback from the environment• Natural response – not a “stance”
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WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU SHOOT WITH ONE EYE?
• Increases in body and visual stress• Disrupts body balance• Relies more on skeletal than somatic nervous responses• Relies more a parasympathetic nervous system• Relies more on stationary targets that don’t shoot back• Decrease in acuity• Decrease in localization – where are you in relationship to
the threat?• Decrease in speed and efficiency of information processing• Closed motor skill – learned response…does not respond to
outside influences• Not natural – a “stance”
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WHEN CAN YOU USE YOUR SIGHTS?
• Time• Distance• Cover• Stationary Threat
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• What does history tell us about shooting accuracy in fire fights?
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THE PROBLEM OF EYE DOMINANCY
• Eye, hand, foot “preference”• Crossed dominancy• Scopes• Weak‐handed firing• Alignment confusion• Teach voluntary alignment changes
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VISUAL REACTION TIME
• Physiology of the Visual Process– Eyes– Optic Chiasm– Lateral Geniculate Body
• 70/30 rule– Visual Cortex
• Physiological Response to a Visual Stimulus– Perception– Analysis/Evaluation– Formulation of Strategies– Initiate Motor Response
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VISUAL REACTION TIME
• Can Response Efficiency be Enhanced and Who Would Benefit?– Shoot‐Don’t‐Shoot decision– Defensive response– Surveillance– Survival training– Special Forces
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VISUAL REACTION TIME
• How the Body Responds to What the Eye Sees– Sensory pathways– Short Term Sensory Store (STSS)– Short Term Memory (STM) * “choke”, “panic”– Long Term Memory (LTM)– Neuromuscular response
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VISUAL REACTION TIME
• What is the Foundation?– Efficient perception– Stress causes breakdown in perception– Results? Failed scenarios or tactical problems– Perceptual Narrowing– Issues on what is perceived by the eyes
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TRAINING PROGRAMS
• Trained Observer Qualification• Eye Dominance Changes• Binocular Sight Training• Visualization • Tunnel Vision (Perceptual Narrowing)Training
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VISUAL ODDS AND ENDS
• Correction – IZON (ophthonix.com)• Night vision• Visual‐Body balance• Officer or recruit visual standards• Training time• Academy entrance visual requirements
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QUESITONS, ANSWERS AND COMMENTS
• Hal W. Breedlove, OD• 1729 Wildwood Drive
• Virginia Beach, Virginia 23454• [email protected]
• 757‐635‐5745
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THANK YOU
• “Put your confidence in God, my children, and fire at their shoe laces” – Cromwell
• He who is calm and strong of heart awaits his enemy, and has all the advantage of fire. He who is frightened sets his sights no longer – he does not even aim his piece – Ardant Du Picq