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TABLES and FIGURES
BIOL 4001
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TABLES AND FIGURES
• Results of scientific studies in both primary and secondary literature are summarized for presentation in appropriate Tables and Figures which should clearly show key findings.
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Graph or Table?
• If the data shows pronounced trends that would make an interesting picture, use a graph. If no such trends exist, use a table.
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Graph or Table?• With graphs, differences between
variables and groups are easily seen ("a picture is worth a thousand words”).
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Graph or Table?
• Tables are preferred for presenting exact numbers.
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Graph or Table?• Tables can accommodate information
that graphs cannot (such as lists of species with their collection sites).
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General Rules for Tables and Figures
• Tables and Figures appearing in a paper are numbered in the sequence by which they are referred, starting with Table 1 or Figure 1.
• Both are referred to in the text.
Germination rates were significantly higher after 24 hr water soak than in the control (Fig. 1) .
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General Rules for Tables and Figures
• Figure is abbreviated Fig. Table is not abbreviated.
DNA sequence homologies for the purple gene from the four congeners (Table 1) show a strong similarity, differing at most by 4 base pairs.
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General Rules for Tables and Figures
• In addition to a name (Fig. X or Table Y), every figure or table has a title. The title goes above the body of the Table. Like titles of articles, they are a single, concise sentence. A legend goes below or beside a Figure. A legend may be one sentence or a few that concisely describe the figure.
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Title
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Legend
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TABLES
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Tables are essentially lists of numbers or text in columns, each having a column label (heading).
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Tables are read from the top down.
Lines of demarcation (rules) run horizontally but never vertically.
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Footnotes are used to clarify points in the table, and go below the body of the table.
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FIGURES
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Figures include graphs, diagrams, photos, drawings, schematics, maps, etc. The term "Figure" is the correct name for all of these different pictorial presentations.
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(more correctly placed in legend)
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Descriptive Legends
• Each figure will have an accompanying legend which describes the displayed results and should give other pertinent, clarifying information (key to abbreviations, sample size, statistical results, etc.).
• Enough information must be given so that the figure can be understood without reading the paper.
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Types of Graphs
Line Graph
Plots of a series of related values that depict a change in Y as a function of X.
Shows trends and changes over time
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Types of Graphs
Bar Graph
Used to compare the value of a variable (usually a summary value such as a mean) among two or more groups of measurements
Often have error bars to show the SD or SEM for each group
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Types of Graphs
Histogram
A type of bar graph that shows the frequency of occurrence of data values for a sample variable.
Important in describing populations, e.g., size and age distributions
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Types of Graphs
Scatterplot
Plots plots of X,Y coordinates showing the relationship between two variables
Shows if the variables change in value together in a consistent way. In this example, tree height appears to be dependent upon age.
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Types of Graphs
Pie ChartUbiquitous in business and mass media, but rarely used in scientific publications because it is often difficult to compare different sections of a given chart to each other.
Numbers can be added (as in the example) to enhance readability
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Dependent vs Independent Variable
• The independent variable is the characteristic manipulated by the scientist (or nature) during the experiment. By convention, it is placed on the X axis.
• The independent variable answers the question “What do I change?”.
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Dependent vs Independent Variable
• The dependent variable is the characteristic affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. By convention, it is placed on the Y axis.
• The dependent variable answers the question “What do I observe?”.
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Dependent variable
Independent variable