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104
APPENDIX 1
Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropy
S.No. Author(s) YearParticulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
1 Mckee 1946 Amyl chlorides Sodium xylene sulfonate-
2 Booth and Everson 1948Amyl alcohol, Benzoic acid,Bromoform, Butyl alcohol,Chloroform
Sodium xylene sulfonate 25°C
3 Booth and Everson 1949Acetophenone, Aniline,Benzaldeyde, Benzene
Sodium benzene sulfonate -
4 Booth and Everson 1950Hexane, Carbon tetra chloride,Cotton seed oil, o-cresol,Cyclohexanol
Na-o-xylene sulfonate,Na-m-benzene disulphate, Na-p-bromobenzene sulfonate
25°C and60°C
5 Licht and Wiener 1950 Benzoic acidNa-p-cymene sulfonate,Na-p-bromobenzene sulfonate,Na-m-benzene disulfonate
40°C
6 Poochikian and Cradock 1979 Cytotoxic agent ‘chatreusin’Na-mono, di and tri hydroxylbenzoates
-
7 Saleh et al 1980 Diazepam Sodium Salicylate -
8 Badwan et al 1982 Benzodiazepines Sodium salicylate 25°C
9. Hansen and Rosenholm 1986 Pentanol Sodium propionate 298 K
10 Pandit and Sharma 1987 Phenyl benzoatePotassium salts of butylmonoglycol sulphate,p-Cumyl phenol
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105
Table A 1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) Year
Particulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
11 Mahapatra et al 1988
2,6-Xylenol/p-cresol,
o-Chlorophenol/phenol,
2,4-Dichlorophenol/
p-chlorophenol
p-Toluene sulfonic acid
-
12 Darwish 1989 Etoposide
Sodium benzoate,
Sodium o-hydroxybenzoate,
Sodium 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate
-
13 Geetha et al 1991 o- and p-ChloronitrobenzenesSodium butyl monoglycol
sulphate
14 Rasool et al 1991
Diazepam, Griseofulvin,
Progesterone,
17 Beta-estradiol,
Testosterone
Nicotinamide -
15 Agarwal and Gaikar 1992p-Cresol/2,6-xylenol,
Phenol/o-chlorophenol
Sodium toluate, Sodium toluene
sulfonate, Sodium cymene
sulfonate
-
16 Agarwal and Gaikar 1992
p-Cresol/2,6-xylenol,
isopropanol/ fm-butanol,
wc-butanol/rert-butanol
Sodium toluate,
Sodium toluene sulfonate, Sodium
cymene sulfonate
-
17 Pathak and Gaikar 1993o- and p-Chlorobenzenoic
acids
Sodium-p-toulene sulfonate,
Sodium-butyl monoglycol
sulfonate
303, 313 and
323 K
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106
Table A 1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) YearParticulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
18 Gaikar and Sharma 1993
p-Cresol/2,6-xylenol,Phenol/o-chlorophenol,p-Chlorophenol/2,4-Dichlorophenol,o-Cresol/6-Cl-o-cresol,p-/o-lsopropylphenolst,2,4-Dichlorophenol/2,4,6-Trichlorophenol,Phenollacetophenone
Potassium benzoate,Sodium benzoate,Sodium xylene sulfonate,
-
19Raynaud-lacroze andTarvare
1993 2-NaptholSodium cumene sulfonate, Sodiumbutyl monoglycol sulfate
25ºC and60ºC
20 Ammar and Khalil 1995 OxaminiquineSodium salts of hydroxyl, Aminodervitavies of benzoic acid
21 Jadhav et al 1995m- and p-Aminoacetophenones
Sodium butyl monoglycolsulphate,Sodium cumenesulfonate, Sodiumxylenesulfonate,
25ºC and50ºC
22 Calonie et al 1996 o- and p-Chlorobenzoic acidSodium butyl monoglycolsulphate
25 °C and45°C
23 Friberg et al 1996 Phenethyl alcohol Sodium xylene sulfonate -
24 Tavare and Jadhav 19966-Aminopenicillanic acid,Phenoxyacetic acid
50 mass %Sodium butylmonoglycol sulfate,40 mass % Sodiumcumenesulfonate,40 mass % sodiumxylenesulfonate
25°C
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107
Table A 1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) Year
Particulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
25 Suzuki and Sunada 1998 NifidipineNicotinamide,
Urea-
26 Nagendra Gandhi et al 1998 n-Butyl acetate
Citroic acid,
Sodium benzoate,
Sodium salicylate, Urea
303,313,323
and 333 K
27 Nagendra Gandhi et al 1998 Ethyl benzoateCitric acid, Sodium benzoate,
Sodium salicylate, Urea
303,313,323
and 333 K
28 Gaikar and Phatak 1999o-/p-Chlorobenzoic acids,
o-/p-Nitroanilines
Sodium butyl monoglycol
sulphate
-
29 Tavare and Jadhav 19996-Aminopenicillanic acid,
Phenoxyacetic acid
Sodium butyl monoglycol
sulphate-
30 Dhara and Chatterji 1999Poly(n-isopropylacrylamide)
hydrogels
Hydroxybenzenes,
Hydroxybenzoates,
Benzenesulfonates
24ºC and
26ºC
31 Silva et al 1999 Polar dye (Methyl yellow)
Nicotinamide,
Sodium p-toluene sulfonate,
Tetrapropyl and tetrabutyl
ammonium bromides
298 K
32 Gonzalez et al 2000
Ethoxylated fatty alcohol
containing between five and
six oxyethylenic units (C12E6)
Sodium p-toluene sulfonate -
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108
Table A 1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) YearParticulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
33Dharmendira Kumarand Nagendra Gandhi
2000 Amyl acetateCitric acid,Sodium benzoate,Sodium salicylate, Urea
303, 313, 323and 333 K
34Dharmendira Kumarand Nagendra Gandhi
2000 Methyl salicylateCitric acid,Sodium benzoate,Sodium salicylate, Urea
303, 313,323 and 333
K
35 Hino and Ford 2001 Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Nicotinamide 50 to 70 ºC
36 Simmora et al 2001 RapamycinBenzyl alcohol,Benzyl benzoate,Benzoic acid
-
37 Horvath et al 2001 Lecithin Sodium xylene sulfonate -38 Guo et al 2002 CTAB/n- C5H11OH/H2O Penicillin potassium -
39 Raman and Gaikar 2002 PiperineSodium alkyl benzene sulfonates,Sodium butyl monoglycol
-
40 Roy and Moulik 2002
Water/Triton X-100+BuOH(1:1 w/w)/isooctane,water/AOT/isooctane,Cetylpyridiniumchloride andTX-100 and methyl cellulose.
Sodium salicylate,Proline, Resorcinol, Pyrogallol,Urea
30 ºC
41 Dandekar and Gaikar 2003 CurcuminoidsSodium cumene sulfonate,Sodium n-butyl benzene sulfonate
-
42 Lee et al 2003 Paclitaxel n-Poly nicotinamide -
43 Raman and Gaikar 2003 Boswellic acids Alkylbenzene sulfonate -
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109
Table A 1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) Year
Particulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
44 Lee et al 2003 Paclitaxel
N,N-Diethylnicotinamide, N-
Picolylnicotinamide,
N-allylnicotinamide, Sodium
salicylate
-
45Gnanendran and Amin
2003 Natural gas p-Toluene sulfonic acid
-10 ºC at
1500 psig,
46 Guo et al 2004 CTAB/n-C5H11OH/H2O Cephanone -
47 Mishra and Gaikar 2004 Diosgenin Sodium Cumene Sulfonate 293 K
48 Agarwal et al 2004 Nimesulide
Sodium ascorbate,
Sodium salicylate,
Sodium benzoate
-
49 Koparkar and Gaikar 2004o- and p-Hydroxy
acetophenones
Sodium cumene sulfonate, Sodium
p-xylene sulfonate, Sodium p-
toluene sulfonate-
50Meyyappan and
Nagendra Gandhi2004 Benzyl acetate
Citric acid,
Sodium benzoate,
Sodium salicylate, Urea
303, 313, 323
and 333 K
51 Agrawal et al 2004 Nimesulide
Nicotinamide,
Sodium ascorbate,
Piperazine
25±2 °C
52 Huh et al 2004 Paclitaxel N,N-Diethylnicotinamide -
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110
Table A 1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) YearParticulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
53 Varade et al 2004
Poly (ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)– poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO–PPO–PEO) triblock copolymer L62
Sodium benzene sulfonate,Sodium toluene sulfonate, Sodiumxylene sulfonate
30°C
54Meyyappan andNagendra Gandhi
2005 Benzyl benzoateTri-sodium citrate,Sodium benzoate,Sodium salicylate, Urea
303, 313, 323and 333 K
55 Maheshwari 2005 CefiximeUrea, Sodium acetate, Sodiumcitrate
-
56 Mishra and Gaikar 2006Embelin (2,5-dihydroxy-3-undecyl-p-benzoquinone)
Sodium-n-butyl benzenesulfonate,Sodium cumene sulfonate
40°C and50°C
57 Evstigneev et al 2006 Vitamin B2Caffeine,Nicotinamide
-
58 Mishra and Gaikar 2006 AndrographolideSodium cumene sulfonate, Sodiump-toluene sulfonate, Sodiumsalicylate
-
59 Maheshwari 2006 Paracetamol Urea -
60 Maheshwari et al 2006Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin,Tinidazole, and Metronidazole
Sodium benzoate, Niacinamide-
61 Zhu et al 2006The pseudoternary Span 80-Tween 85/isopar M/water
Acrylamide 40 ºC
62 Maheshwari 2006 Aceclofenac Sodium salicylate -
63 Jain 2007 IndomethacinUrea, Nicotinamide, Resorcinol,Sodium benzoate,Sodium p-hydroxy benzoate
-
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111
Table A 1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) YearParticulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied64 Maheshwari et al 2007 Frusemide Ibuprofen sodium -
65 Dandekar et al 2008 Limonoid aglyconesSodium salicylate,Sodium cumene sulphonate
45 °C
66 Maheshwari and Shukla 2008 Hydrochlorothiazide Niacinamide -
67 Maheshwari et al 2008 Aceclofenac Ibuprofen sodium 28 ±1°C
68 Ramesh et al 2009 o-/p-XyleneSodium salicylate,Sodium benzoate,Nicotinamide
303, 313, 323and 333K
69 Mishra and Gaikar 2009 ForskolinSodium cumene sulfonate, Sodiump-toluene sulfonate, Sodiumsalicylate
20 to 70°C
70 Jenamayjayan et al 2009 Phenol/o-chlorophenolUrea, Citric acid,Sodium salicylate, Nicotinamide
303, 313, 323and 333K
71 Negi and Gaikar 2009 o/p-NitrophenolsSodium toluene sulfonate, Sodiumxylene sulfonate, Sodium cumenesulfonate
-
72 Maheshwari et al 2009 Naproxen Ibuprofen sodium -
73 Sable et al 2009 OlanzepineSodium benzoate,Sodium acetate,Sodium bicarbonate,
-
74 Maheshwari et al 2010c Ketoprofen30% Urea,30% Sodium citrate
-
75 Sharma et al 2010 Tenfovir disoproxil fumerate Sodium benzoate 25 ±1°C
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112
Table A 1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) YearParticulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
76 Shukla et al 2010 GlipizideSodium acetate,Sodium benzoate,Sodium salicylate
-
77 Smita and Mukesh 2010Pseudoephidrine Sulphate,Desloratidine,
Urea 28 ±1°C
78 Pareek et al 2010 Cefprozil
Potassium acetate, Potassiumcitrate,Sodium acetate,Sodium citrate, Urea
-
79 Maheshwari et al 2010a Atenolol Metformin hydrochloride 28±1ºC
80Maheshwari andMoondra
2010 Aceclofenac Sodium salicylate 27 ±1°C
81 Maheshwari et al 2010b Ornidazole Urea -
82 Jain et al 2010 Gatifloxacin N,N-Dimethyl urea 28 ±1°C
83 Kim et al, 2010
Griseofulvin, Clofibrate,Nifedipine, Glybenclamide,Dihydroanthracene,Progesterone, Felodipine,Anthracene, Fenofibrate,Itraconazole, Probucol,Coenzyme Q10, Paclitaxel.
N,N-Diethylnicotinamide,N,N-Dimethylbenzamide 37 ºC
84 Marimuthu et al 2011 BenzeneCitric acid, Urea, Nicotinamide,Sodium salicylate
303, 313, 323and 333 K
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113
Table A 1.2 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of acetylsalicylic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.80 5.10 5.72 6.33
2 0.10 4.89 5.16 6.11 6.40
3 0.20*
6.00 7.20 8.00 10.33
4 0.30 17.00 28.22 32.00 34.00
5 0.40 20.00 34.55 46.00 50.00
6 0.50 28.00 44.00 52.00 71.00
7 0.60 37.00 45.00 67.00 87.00
8 0.70 42.00 56.00 73.00 108.00
9 0.80 50.00 67.00 91.00 127.00
10 0.90 57.00 80.00 101.00 137.00
11 1.00 75.00 90.00 123.00 178.23
12 1.20 95.00 116.00 165.00 209.00
13 1.40 116.00 140.00 204.00 272.00
14 1.60 131.00 167.00 226.00 317.00
15 1.80 168.00 200.00 268.00 378.00
16 2.00 180.00 248.00 327.00 440.00
17 2.20 217.00 278.00 367.00 505.00
18 2.40**
240.11 339.10 405.10 556.12
19 2.60 240.88 339.73 405.77 556.66
20 2.80 241.01 340.11 406.03 556.87
21 3.00 241.63 340.83 406.35 557.04*MHC;
**Cmax
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114
Table A 1.3 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of p-aminobenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.16 5.50 6.13 6.91
2 0.10 4.60 5.63 6.38 7.20
3 0.20 5.16 5.77 6.44 7.36
4 0.25*
7.55 8.21 9.10 10.44
5 0.30 7.88 8.88 10.11 11.11
6 0.40 8.50 9.50 11.02 12.02
7 0.50 8.90 10.20 13.70 14.70
8 0.60 10.20 12.30 16.00 17.00
9 0.70 10.50 14.80 20.60 22.60
10 0.80 11.40 16.00 21.10 24.10
11 0.90 12.00 17.30 27.30 29.30
12 1.00 12.60 21.10 31.10 33.90
13 1.20 15.20 24.70 34.70 41.90
14 1.40 18.30 28.50 38.50 58.60
15 1.60 23.40 31.40 46.00 70.60
16 1.80 28.00 38.90 65.20 77.70
17 2.00 32.00 48.00 73.10 96.00
18 2.20 36.60 67.70 102.40 142.00
19 2.40 42.70 79.20 106.30 145.70
20 2.65**
51.99 87.45 112.82 148.11
21 2.70 52.78 87.66 112.97 148.53
22 2.80 52.92 87.90 113.11 148.70
23 3.00 53.54 88.11 113.59 149.12*MHC;
**Cmax
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115
Table A 1.4 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.20 4.40 5.00 6.17
2 0.10 4.90 5.30 5.93 7.10
3 0.20*
11.00 12.34 15.20 20.00
4 0.30 22.00 15.00 25.00 43.00
5 0.40 28.00 15.00 40.00 46.00
6 0.50 33.00 29.00 60.00 66.00
7 0.60 44.00 40.00 66.00 90.00
8 0.70 53.00 42.00 97.00 93.00
9 0.80 72.00 56.00 116.00 126.00
10 0.90 84.00 68.00 117.00 150.00
11 1.00 91.00 80.00 131.00 170.00
12 1.20 108.00 107.00 156.00 205.00
13 1.40 130.00 131.00 204.00 250.00
14 1.60 155.00 150.00 224.00 310.00
15 1.80 163.00 174.00 262.00 370.00
16 2.00 178.00 195.00 265.00 385.00
17 2.25 183.00 210.00 291.00 442.00
18 2.50**
196.03 230.66 315.22 467.11
19 2.75 196.88 231.02 316.00 468.00
20 3.00 197.36 231.22 316.65 468.24*MHC;
**Cmax
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116
Table A 1.5 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of stearic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
103 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 1.20 1.29 1.36 1.50
2 0.10 1.64 2.00 2.20 2.42
3 0.20 2.11 2.80 3.10 4.60
4 0.30*
4.00 6.00 8.00 14.00
5 0.40 5.20 8.00 13.00 23.00
6 0.50 6.70 10.40 18.50 32.00
7 0.60 8.00 14.40 24.00 42.80
8 0.70 9.70 16.20 31.20 54.00
9 0.80 11.00 19.60 34.40 64.60
10 0.90 12.90 22.00 40.40 74.20
11 1.00 13.80 26.00 45.20 85.20
12 1.20 16.70 33.00 55.00 100.80
13 1.40 20.20 39.00 63.00 115.00
14 1.60 25.00 44.80 69.60 124.80
15 1.80 29.50 48.00 76.00 134.50
16 2.00 34.80 54.90 81.40 138.40
17 2.20 38.60 55.80 86.00 140.20
18 2.40**
41.11 59.07 90.65 143.83
19 2.60 41.38 59.09 90.69 143.86
20 2.80 41.41 59.12 90.73 143.89
21 3.00 41.47 59.14 90.75 143.92*MHC;
**Cmax
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117
Table A 1.6 Effect of hydrotrope concentration (C) on the solubility (S)
of 6-gingerol in water for different hydrotropes at T = 303 K
S.NoC,
mol/L
103 S, mol/L
Sodium
salicylateNicotinamide
Sodium
benzoateUrea
1 0.00 3.40 3.40 3.40 3.40
2 0.10 6.01 5.00 4.37 3.89
3 0.20 12.22 7.78 6.63 5.26
4 0.30 22.61 16.33 8.35 7.83
5 0.40 30.26 23.56 18.56 9.54
6 0.50 35.34 25.82 22.22 10.89
7 0.60 38.60 29.99 23.45 16.99
8 0.70 42.62 31.87 27.62 21.65
9 0.80 49.11 36.66 32.22 23.56
10 0.90 53.52 39.65 36.00 26.44
11 1.00 58.26 46.83 41.11 27.88
12 1.10 63.32 48.78 46.23 29.43
13 1.20 68.00 53.38 48.78 31.23
14 1.30 74.22 59.28 51.76 33.62
15 1.40 78.36 65.11 55.22 34.36
16 1.50 81.20 68.31 57.27 36.89
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118
Table A 1.7 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of salicylic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 2.14 2.22 2.31 2.44
2 0.10 2.15 2.23 2.34 2.48
3 0.20 2.16 2.24 2.39 2.52
4 0.30 2.18 2.25 2.39 2.60
5 0.40*
2.33 2.39 2.49 2.93
6 0.50 2.35 2.40 2.50 3.12
7 0.60 2.36 2.50 2.92 3.37
8 0.70 2.46 3.20 3.88 4.30
9 0.80 2.52 3.60 4.46 5.29
10 0.90 3.00 3.74 4.86 6.84
11 1.00 3.33 4.44 5.71 7.96
12 1.20 3.86 5.35 6.77 9.09
13 1.40 4.22 5.75 8.42 10.36
14 1.60 4.67 6.75 9.69 12.55
15 1.80**
5.54 7.47 10.60 13.69
16 2.00 5.55 7.49 10.61 13.76
17 2.25 5.58 7.51 10.63 13.78
18 2.50 5.58 7.52 10.63 13.79
19 2.75 5.60 7.53 10.64 13.79
20 3.00 5.60 7.53 10.65 13.80
*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 16: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
119
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.1 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of salicylic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
![Page 17: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
120
Table A 1.8 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of acetylsalicylic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.80 5.10 5.72 6.33
2 0.10 4.87 5.15 5.93 6.39
3 0.20*
5.96 6.13 7.33 8.62
4 0.30 15.22 28.22 22.00 34.00
5 0.40 18.72 34.55 28.00 34.00
6 0.50 24.38 44.00 37.00 54.00
7 0.60 29.99 45.00 52.00 76.00
8 0.70 35.89 56.00 57.00 91.00
9 0.80 50.00 67.00 75.00 100.00
10 0.90 52.76 67.00 83.00 126.00
11 1.00 67.40 90.00 104.00 134.00
12 1.20 76.38 100.00 140.00 165.00
13 1.40 100.00 140.00 149.00 208.00
14 1.60 98.30 148.00 173.00 234.00
15 1.80 124.50 162.00 215.00 250.00
16 2.00 147.10 184.00 235.00 290.00
17 2.20**
164.37 198.23 255.82 317.66
18 2.40 165.01 199.02 256.43 317.02
19 2.60 165.89 200.00 257.33 318.00
20 2.80 166.32 200.88 258.21 318.87
21 3.00 167.03 201.22 259.03 319.66*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 18: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
121
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.2 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of acetylsalicylic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
![Page 19: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
122
Table A 1.9 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of p-aminobenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.16 5.50 6.13 6.91
2 0.10 4.26 5.55 6.25 7.15
3 0.20 4.41 5.60 6.39 7.20
4 0.30 4.85 5.92 6.47 7.36
5 0.40*
6.03 7.24 8.01 11.22
6 0.50 6.50 7.50 8.20 11.87
7 0.60 6.90 7.50 9.00 14.00
8 0.70 7.00 8.00 9.30 14.30
9 0.80 7.30 8.60 12.00 16.00
10 0.90 7.80 9.30 12.70 18.00
11 1.00 7.80 10.60 14.50 19.00
12 1.20 8.90 12.30 19.70 27.10
13 1.40 11.50 17.20 21.10 32.00
14 1.60 12.70 21.40 26.00 37.70
15 1.80 17.60 27.00 33.30 52.70
16 2.00 17.10 29.50 38.60 56.00
17 2.20 21.40 38.80 47.80 73.00
18 2.40**
26.01 42.22 53.52 80.38
19 2.60 26.21 42.42 53.61 80.67
20 2.80 26.38 42.52 53.78 80.88
21 3.00 26.46 42.69 53.96 81.06*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 20: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
123
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.3 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of p-aminobenzoic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
![Page 21: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
124
Table A 1.10 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.20 4.40 5.00 6.17
2 0.10 4.70 5.10 5.72 6.88
3 0.20 5.68 5.89 6.63 7.87
4 0.30*
12.80 15.00 18.00 25.00
5 0.40 17.70 36.00 53.00 40.00
6 0.50 33.00 63.00 80.00 64.00
7 0.60 44.00 80.00 112.00 97.00
8 0.70 53.00 85.00 123.00 115.00
9 0.80 62.10 99.00 147.00 162.00
10 0.90 76.00 118.00 153.00 176.00
11 1.00 81.80 126.00 172.00 203.00
12 1.20 112.00 149.00 195.00 247.00
13 1.40 128.00 177.00 240.00 282.00
14 1.60 140.00 195.00 245.00 335.00
15 1.80 141.90 205.00 256.00 369.00
16 2.00 162.60 205.00 293.00 391.00
17 2.25 169.50 219.00 291.00 406.00
18 2.50**
177.82 227.72 298.01 433.01
19 2.75 178.30 228.00 298.93 433.84
20 3.00 178.46 228.32 299.75 434.12
*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 22: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
125
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.4 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
![Page 23: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
126
Table A 1.11 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of stearic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
103 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 1.20 1.29 1.36 1.50
2 0.10 1.23 1.33 1.38 1.53
3 0.20 1.25 1.35 1.44 1.58
4 0.30 1.30 1.38 1.49 1.63
5 0.40*
2.30 2.40 3.04 4.10
6 0.50 2.47 2.63 3.88 5.22
7 0.60 2.57 3.22 4.33 6.21
8 0.70 2.93 3.64 4.89 7.27
9 0.80 3.28 4.19 6.26 8.67
10 0.90 3.42 5.00 6.61 10.50
11 1.00 3.70 5.49 7.75 13.30
12 1.20 4.05 6.04 10.22 15.50
13 1.40 4.93 8.11 11.89 18.70
14 1.60 5.44 8.85 12.51 22.00
15 1.80 5.83 9.11 14.54 23.40
16 2.00 6.18 10.33 16.27 26.67
17 2.20**
7.19 11.78 18.14 28.71
18 2.40 7.28 11.93 18.24 28.89
19 2.60 7.41 12.00 18.31 29.00
20 2.80 7.44 12.04 18.48 29.08
21 3.00 7.45 12.07 18.51 29.12*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 24: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
127
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
3 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.5 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of stearic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
![Page 25: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
128
Table A 1.12 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of salicylic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 2.14 2.22 2.31 2.44
2 0.10 2.16 2.25 2.35 2.48
3 0.20 2.18 2.27 2.39 2.53
4 0.30 2.20 2.30 2.41 2.60
5 0.40*
2.35 2.46 2.54 2.84
6 0.50 2.53 2.60 2.74 3.22
7 0.60 2.63 2.80 2.92 5.30
8 0.70 2.85 3.74 3.88 7.20
9 0.80 3.01 4.16 4.46 8.60
10 0.90 3.28 4.49 6.90 11.00
11 1.00 3.96 6.40 9.60 16.00
12 1.20 5.87 8.18 13.50 18.50
13 1.40 6.77 9.20 15.30 25.70
14 1.60 7.35 10.64 17.20 27.10
15 1.80 8.62 13.84 22.70 32.60
16 2.00 9.81 14.24 23.51 33.00
17 2.25**
10.12 15.52 24.72 33.80
18 2.50 10.16 15.53 24.76 33.86
19 2.75 10.20 15.55 24.80 33.90
20 3.00 10.21 15.56 24.82 33.95*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 26: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
129
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.6 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on thesolubility
(S) of salicylic acid in water at different temperatures (T)
![Page 27: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
130
Table A 1.13 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of acetylsalicylic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.80 5.10 5.72 6.33
2 0.10 4.86 5.14 5.78 6.38
3 0.20 4.91 5.22 5.83 6.43
4 0.30 5.14 5.41 6.01 6.51
5 0.40*
6.91 8.48 10.00 10.28
6 0.50 7.90 10.00 12.00 13.20
7 0.60 8.60 11.20 14.00 14.40
8 0.70 9.40 12.60 16.10 17.12
9 0.80 10.20 14.00 18.40 20.29
10 0.90 11.20 15.70 20.80 22.60
11 1.00 12.20 17.64 23.70 27.68
12 1.20 14.80 22.10 28.80 40.00
13 1.40 20.00 27.40 39.60 47.50
14 1.60 22.80 33.00 40.60 56.00
15 1.80 26.40 42.00 48.50 73.30
16 2.00 32.50 45.40 55.40 76.00
17 2.20 34.29 48.82 57.88 78.59
18 2.40**
38.31 51.88 65.90 87.62
19 2.60 38.44 51.92 65.99 87.72
20 2.80 38.51 52.11 66.10 87.81
21 3.00 38.56 52.12 66.14 87.85*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 28: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
131
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.7 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of acetylsalicylic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
![Page 29: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
132
Table A 1.14 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of p-aminobenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 000 4.16 5.50 6.13 6.91
2 0.10 4.55 5.59 6.36 7.17
3 0.20 4.83 5.67 6.41 7.27
4 0.30 4.94 6.10 6.60 7.54
5 0.40*
6.81 7.22 8.46 9.63
6 0.50 6.95 7.70 9.99 10.83
7 0.60 8.00 10.20 10.70 13.70
8 0.70 8.30 11.70 12.70 15.30
9 0.80 9.10 12.30 13.50 16.40
10 0.90 9.70 13.60 17.00 18.50
11 1.00 10.20 15.10 18.60 20.60
12 1.20 11.30 18.80 23.00 27.00
13 1.40 13.00 23.40 30.80 44.40
14 1.60 17.60 28.30 48.40 46.50
15 1.80 19.20 33.40 53.00 70.80
16 2.00 24.00 48.00 69.80 81.00
17 2.20 26.60 54.90 66.20 84.60
18 2.40 30.60 57.70 74.90 93.00
19 2.60**
38.19 58.59 79.77 97.68
20 2.80 38.27 58.70 79.93 97.88
21 3.00 38.39 59.01 80.10 97.92*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 30: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
133
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.8 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of p-aminobenzoic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
![Page 31: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
134
Table A 1.15 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.20 4.40 5.00 6.17
2 0.10 4.24 4.42 5.08 6.18
3 0.20 4.28 4.47 5.30 6.25
4 0.30 4.37 4.53 5.64 6.39
5 0.40*
5.54 6.08 6.69 9.70
6 0.50 7.30 8.60 9.30 12.00
7 0.60 8.00 10.70 11.26 14.50
8 0.70 9.00 12.30 13.90 18.30
9 0.80 10.01 13.20 16.00 19.80
10 0.90 11.03 14.70 18.50 24.20
11 1.00 12.07 15.87 20.70 26.90
12 1.20 13.20 18.30 23.90 33.00
13 1.40 14.26 22.50 26.70 34.80
14 1.60 15.96 23.30 28.00 39.00
15 1.80 17.00 24.30 31.00 40.70
16 2.00**
18.10 25.37 33.44 43.00
17 2.25 18.32 25.64 33.77 43.09
18 2.50 18.56 25.88 34.10 43.51
19 2.75 18.72 26.23 34.21 43.77
20 3.00 18.80 26.33 34.30 43.97*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 32: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
135
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.9 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
![Page 33: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
136
Table A 1.16 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of stearic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
103 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 1.20 1.29 1.36 1.50
2 0.10 1.21 1.31 1.37 1.52
3 0.20 1.22 1.33 1.40 1.56
4 0.30 1.27 1.36 1.45 1.60
5 0.40 1.38 1.42 1.58 1.71
6 0.50 1.49 1.58 1.69 1.87
7 0.60*
2.66 3.10 3.66 4.10
8 0.70 2.68 3.30 4.11 5.57
9 0.80 2.70 3.55 5.01 6.23
10 0.90 2.74 4.32 6.22 7.28
11 1.00 2.96 5.00 7.44 9.17
12 1.20 3.52 6.04 8.50 11.56
13 1.40 4.23 7.60 10.50 14.50
14 1.60 4.58 8.14 11.60 15.80
15 1.80 4.83 9.18 13.20 18.00
16 2.00 5.12 10.11 14.72 20.11
17 2.20**
6.20 11.35 15.89 22.29
18 2.40 6.40 11.39 16.00 22.33
19 2.60 6.60 11.45 16.20 22.38
20 2.80 6.70 11.50 16.28 22.41
21 3.00 6.74 11.57 16.30 22.48*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 34: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
137
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
3 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.10 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of stearic acid in water at different temperatures (T)
![Page 35: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
138
Table A 1.17 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
salicylic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 2.14 2.22 2.31 2.44
2 0.10 2.15 2.22 2.32 2.45
3 0.20 2.15 2.23 2.33 2.46
4 0.30 2.16 2.24 2.34 2.47
5 0.40*
2.27 2.39 2.54 2.69
6 0.50 2.44 2.60 2.72 3.00
7 0.60 2.62 2.80 3.01 3.37
8 0.70 2.87 3.45 3.24 3.69
9 0.80 3.27 3.60 4.32 4.24
10 0.90 3.36 4.20 4.87 4.54
11 1.00 3.82 4.76 5.60 8.11
12 1.20 4.47 6.20 6.67 10.54
13 1.40 5.00 7.49 9.50 12.05
14 1.60 5.96 8.04 10.24 15.08
15 1.80 6.11 8.46 10.73 15.60
16 2.00**
6.57 9.27 12.10 17.88
17 2.25 6.59 9.29 12.10 17.90
18 2.50 6.60 9.29 12.11 17.90
19 2.75 6.61 9.30 12.12 17.91
20 3.00 6.61 9.31 12.13 17.92*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 36: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
139
0
5
10
15
20
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.11 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
salicylic acid in water at different temperatures (T)
![Page 37: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
140
Table A.1.18 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
acetylsalicylic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.80 5.10 5.72 6.33
2 0.10 4.84 5.12 5.76 6.35
3 0.20 4.93 5.19 5.80 6.55
4 0.30 5.04 5.21 5.92 6.74
5 0.40 5.07 5.29 6.12 6.95
6 0.50 5.11 5.31 6.18 7.22
7 0.60*
8.70 10.20 11.40 14.50
8 0.70 9.00 10.40 13.10 17.00
9 0.80 10.01 11.10 14.90 18.90
10 0.90 11.03 12.50 16.90 22.00
11 1.00 12.07 13.40 18.80 24.90
12 1.20 14.00 16.00 23.20 34.80
13 1.40 17.70 21.00 27.20 39.50
14 1.60 18.50 22.40 29.70 43.70
15 1.80 20.80 26.60 38.60 49.70
16 2.00**
28.72 31.83 42.98 61.67
17 2.20 28.77 31.93 43.09 61.87
18 2.40 28.80 32.33 43.11 62.47
19 2.60 29.20 32.41 44.08 63.05
20 2.80 29.88 33.33 44.81 63.97
21 3.00 30.03 33.41 45.18 64.05*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 38: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
141
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.12 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
acetylsalicylic acid in water at different temperatures (T)
![Page 39: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
142
Table A 1.19 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
p-aminobenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.16 5.50 6.13 6.91
2 0.10 4.20 5.50 6.15 7.07
3 0.20 4.32 5.55 6.21 7.12
4 0.30 4.48 5.62 6.32 7.23
5 0.40 4.66 5.78 6.68 7.49
6 0.50*
6.51 7.50 8.50 10.70
7 0.60 6.10 7.50 9.00 10.60
8 0.70 6.20 8.00 9.30 12.20
9 0.80 7.30 9.80 12.00 16.00
10 0.90 7.40 10.00 12.70 18.00
11 1.00 7.80 11.30 14.50 19.00
12 1.20 8.90 14.40 19.70 27.60
13 1.40 10.00 17.00 20.40 29.20
14 1.60 12.70 20.40 26.00 35.10
15 1.80 14.80 23.50 33.30 50.80
16 2.00 18.80 29.50 37.20 52.80
17 2.20 20.90 38.00 47.80 65.00
18 2.40**
24.75 38.21 47.87 70.00
19 2.60 25.01 38.55 48.33 70.44
20 2.80 25.22 39.00 49.05 71.00
21 3.00 25.46 39.16 49.35 71.80*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 40: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
143
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.13 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
p-aminobenzoic acid in water at different temperatures
(T)
![Page 41: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
144
Table A 1.20 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
2-nitrobenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.20 4.40 5.00 6.17
2 0.10 4.21 4.40 5.02 6.18
3 0.20 4.24 4.42 5.10 6.20
4 0.30 4.32 4.46 5.13 6.26
5 0.40 4.55 4.53 5.15 6.55
6 0.50 4.93 4.72 5.39 7.02
7 0.60*
6.20 8.04 9.87 11.33
8 0.70 7.50 11.50 13.90 18.30
9 0.80 8.20 13.20 16.00 19.80
10 0.90 9.70 14.70 18.50 24.20
11 1.00 10.80 16.50 20.70 26.90
12 1.20 11.60 18.30 23.90 33.00
13 1.40 12.80 20.60 26.70 34.80
14 1.60 15.10 23.30 28.00 39.00
15 1.80 15.50 23.90 29.40 40.70
16 2.00**
16.00 23.00 30.00 41.00
17 2.25 16.21 23.92 30.98 41.53
18 2.50 17.20 24.65 31.60 42.02
19 2.75 17.54 25.00 32.30 42.55
20 3.00 17.68 25.30 32.60 43.07*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 42: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
145
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.14 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
2-nitrobenzoic acid in water at different temperatures
(T)
![Page 43: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
146
Table A 1.21 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
stearic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
103 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 1.20 1.29 1.36 1.50
2 0.10 1.20 1.31 1.36 1.52
3 0.20 1.21 1.32 1.38 1.56
4 0.30 1.23 1.35 1.43 1.60
5 0.40 1.35 1.41 1.56 1.71
6 0.50 1.45 1.57 1.67 1.87
7 0.60*
2.40 2.90 3.64 4.10
8 0.70 2.35 3.30 4.11 5.57
9 0.80 2.70 3.55 5.01 6.23
10 0.90 2.74 4.32 6.22 7.28
11 1.00 3.17 5.00 7.44 9.17
12 1.20 3.46 6.04 8.50 11.56
13 1.40 4.00 7.60 10.50 14.50
14 1.60 4.02 8.14 11.60 15.80
15 1.80 4.20 8.14 13.00 16.31
16 2.00**
4.86 8.93 13.01 17.32
17 2.20 5.00 9.04 13.29 17.57
18 2.40 5.10 9.25 13.78 17.87
19 2.60 5.20 9.46 14.00 18.02
20 2.80 5.20 9.67 14.18 18.21
21 3.00 5.28 10.00 14.62 18.66*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 44: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
147
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
3 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303 K
T = 313 K
T = 323 K
T = 333 K
Figure A 1.15 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
stearic acid in water at different temperatures (T)
![Page 45: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
148
APPENDIX 2
Table A 2.1 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of acetylsalicylic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1 Enhancement factor for mass
transfer coefficient (φmtc)
1 0.00 2.57 -
2 0.20*
3.50 1.36
3 0.60 13.06 5.08
4 0.80 17.94 6.98
5 1.40 26.27 10.22
6 2.40**
100.82 39.23
7 3.00 115.21 44.83*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A 2.2 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of acetylsalicylic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1 Enhancement factor for mass
transfer coefficient (φmtc)
1 0.00 2.57 -
2 0.20*
3.29 1.28
3 0.60 4.68 1.82
4 0.80 5.70 2.22
5 1.40 12.54 4.88
6 2.20**
71.73 27.91
7 3.00 76.82 29.89*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 46: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
149
Table A 2.3 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of acetylsalicylic acid
Sl.No.C,
mol/L10
4 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 2.57 -
2 0.40*
3.34 1.30
3 0.80 4.86 1.89
4 1.40 10.02 3.90
5 2.00 14.98 5.83
6 2.40**
21.82 8.49
7 3.00 23.93 9.31*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A 2.4 Effect of urea concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of acetylsalicylic acid
Sl.No.C,
mol/L10
4 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 2.57 -
2 0.60*
3.55 1.38
3 1.00 4.99 1.94
4 1.40 9.12 3.55
5 1.80 11.51 4.48
6 2.00**
14.73 5.73
7 3.00 23.03 8.96*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 47: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
150
Table A 2.5 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of p-aminobenzoic acid
Sl.No.C,
mol/L10
4 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 2.88 -
2 0.25*
4.09 1.42
3 0.40 5.33 1.85
4 0.80 20.14 9.77
5 1.60 45.16 15.68
6 2.65**
75.69 26.28
7 3.00 80.70 28.02*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A 2.6 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of p-aminobenzoic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 2.88 -
2 0.20 3.46 1.20
3 0.40*
9.56 3.32
4 0.80 16.96 5.89
5 1.20 26.81 9.31
6 1.60 32.92 11.43
7 2.40**
53.40 18.54
8 3.00 55.61 19.31*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 48: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
151
Table A 2.7 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of p-aminobenzoic acid
Sl.No.C,
mol/L10
4 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 2.88 -
2 0.40*
8.38 2.91
3 0.80 20.22 7.02
4 1.40 33.61 11.67
5 2.00 46.02 15.98
6 2.60**
67.97 23.60
7 3.00 70.01 24.31*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A 2.8 Effect of urea concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of p-aminobenzoic acid
Sl.No.C,
mol/L10
4 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 2.88
2 0.50*
10.25 3.56
3 1.00 22.55 7.83
4 1.60 28.48 9.89
5 2.00 34.04 11.82
6 2.40**
48.30 16.77
7 3.00 52.65 18.28*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 49: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
152
Table A 2.9 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 103 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 1.20 -
2 0.20*
9.54 7.67
3 0.80 19.12 15.93
4 1.40 23.34 19.45
5 2.00 34.93 29.11
6 2.50**
38.18 31.82
7 3.00 39.71 33.09*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A 2.10 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 103 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 1.20 -
2 0.30*
9.69 8.08
3 0.80 16.63 13.86
4 1.40 20.14 16.7 8
5 2.00 24.05 20.04
6 2.50**
37.52 31.27
7 3.00 38.41 32.01*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 50: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
153
Table A 2.11 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 103 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 1.20 -
2 0.40*
1.30 1.07
3 0.80 2.55 2.12
4 1.00 3.73 3.10
5 1.40 4.84 4.02
6 2.00**
8.28 6.88
7 3.00 8.69 7.22*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A 2.12 Effect of urea concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 103 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 1.20 -
2 0.60*
2.25 1.87
3 1.00 3.47 2.88
4 1.40 3.75 3.12
5 1.80 5.61 4.66
6 2.00**
7.84 6.52
7 3.00 8.47 7.04*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 51: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
154
Table A 2.13 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of stearic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 4.01 -
2 0.30*
8.42 2.10
3 1.00 15.64 3.90
4 1.60 24.86 6.20
5 2.20 30.44 7.59
6 2.40**
42.11 10.50
7 3.00 42.19 10.77*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A 2.14 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of stearic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 4.01 -
2 0.40*
8.42 2.10
3 1.00 13.03 3.25
4 1.60 22.18 5.53
5 1.80 24.74 6.17
6 2.20**
37.97 9.47
7 2.60 38.54 9.61
8 3.00 39.07 9.74*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 52: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
155
Table A 2.15 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of stearic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 4.01 -
2 0.60*
8.30 2.07
3 1.00 12.43 3.10
4 1.40 16.84 4.02
5 1.80 19.25 4.80
6 2.20**
27.75 6.92
7 3.00 29.27 7.30*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A 2.16 Effect of urea concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of stearic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 4.01 -
2 0.60*
7.54 1.88
3 0.80 8.02 2.00
4 1.20 13.15 3.28
5 1.60 16.92 4.22
6 2.00**
19.13 4.77
7 3.00 27.27 6.80*MHC;
**Cmax
![Page 53: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
156
Table A 2.17 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of 6-gingerol
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 6.63 -
2 0.20*
7.03 1.06
3 0.40 14.45 2.18
4 0.80 22.01 3.32
5 1.20 29.57 4.46
6 1.40 36.60 5.52
7 1.50 44.22 6.67*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A 2.18 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of 6-gingerol
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 6.63 -
2 0.30*
6.90 1.04
3 0.40 14.06 2.12
4 0.60 14.45 2.18
5 0.80 21.28 3.21
6 1.20 28.58 4.31
7 1.50 35.80 5.40*MHC
![Page 54: Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9985/14/14_appendices … · Meyyappan and Nagendra Gandhi 2004 Benzyl acetate Citric](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022080721/5f7a62670c58663e6b06556a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
157
Table A 2.19 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of 6-gingerol
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 6.63 -
2 0.20 6.90 1.04
3 0.40*
14.45 2.18
4 0.60 21.28 3.21
5 1.20 29.04 4.38
6 1.40 35.93 5.42
7 1.50 43.03 6.49*MHC
Table A 2.20 Effect of urea concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of 6-gingerol
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
(φmtc)
1 0.00 6.63 -
2 0.30 6.83 1.03
3 0.60*
7.56 1.14
4 0.80 14.45 2.18
5 1.00 14.78 2.23
6 1.40 21.88 3.30
7 1.50 22.01 3.32*MHC
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APPENDIX 3
Table A 3.1 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy
(∆G°) of solubilization of salicylic acid in different
hydrotrope solutions
Temperature
T, K
Standard Gibb’s free energy (ΔGo), kJ/mol
Sodium
salicylate
Sodium
benzoateNicotinamide Urea
303 -7.7007 -7.6675 -7.6926 -7.6773
313 -8.0524 -8.0269 -8.0457 -8.0285
323 -8.4268 -8.4076 -8.4215 -8.4029
333 -8.8414 -8.8247 -8.8375 -8.8286
Table A.3.2 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy
(∆G°) of solubilization of acetylsalicylic acid in different
hydrotrope solutions
Temperature
T, K
Standard Gibb’s free energy (ΔGo), kJ/mol
Sodium
salicylate
Sodium
benzoateNicotinamide Urea
303 -8.3264 -9.7429 -9.7182 -9.7090
313 -8.7165 -10.2236 -10.2031 -10.1873
323 -9.3407 -10.8577 -10.8371 -10.8248
333 -9.8691 -11.4750 -11.4558 -11.4468
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Table A 3.3 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy
(∆G°) of solubilization of p-aminobenzoic acid in different
hydrotrope solutions
Temperature
T, K
Standard Gibb’s free energy (ΔGo), kJ/mol
Sodium
salicylate
Sodium
benzoateNicotinamide Urea
303 -9.3701 -9.3518 -9.3624 -9.3469
313 -10.4050 -10.3858 -10.3974 -10.3825
323 -11.0304 -11.0234 -11.0234 -11.0066
333 -11.7042 -11.6890 -11.6954 -11.6849
Table A 3.4 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy
(∆G°) of solubilization of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in different
hydrotrope solutions
Temperature
T, K
Standard Gibb’s free energy (ΔGo), kJ/mol
Sodium
salicylate
Sodium
benzoateNicotinamide Urea
303 -9.4099 -9.4095 -9.3620 -9.3575
313 -9.8403 -9.8431 -9.8069 -9.8052
323 -10.4995 -10.5012 -10.4643 -10.4618
333 -11.4056 -11.4062 -11.3626 -11.3620
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Table A 3.5 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy
(∆G°) of solubilization of stearic acid in different
hydrotrope solutions
Temperature
T, K
Standard Gibb’s free energy (ΔGo), kJ/mol
Sodium
salicylate
Sodium
benzoateNicotinamide Urea
303 -6.2579 -6.2569 -6.2566 -6.2565
313 -6.6523 -6.6518 -6.6515 -6.6517
323 -7.0069 -7.0067 -7.0064 -7.0063
333 -7.4952 -7.4949 -7.4946 -7.4945
Table A 3.6 Standard Gibb’s free energy (∆G°) of solubilization of
6-gingerol in different hydrotrope solutions at 303K
Hydrotropes ΔGo, kJ/mol
Sodium salicylate -8.8814
Sodium benzoate -8.8813
Nicotinamide -8.8813
Urea -8.8813
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-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335
T, K
∆G°,
kJ/m
ol
Sodium salicylate
Sodium benzoate
Nicotinamide
Urea
Figure A 3.1 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy
(∆G°) of solubilization of acetyl salicylic acid in different
hydrotrope solutions
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335
T, K
∆G°, k
J/m
ol
Sodium salicylate
Nicotinamide
Sodium benzoate
Urea
Figure A 3.2 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy
(∆G°) of solubilization of p-aminobenzoic acid in different
hydrotrope solutions
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-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335
T, K
∆G°, k
J/m
ol
Sodium salicylate
Sodium benzoate
Nicotinamide
Urea
Figure A 3.3 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy
(∆G°) of solubilization of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in different
hydrotrope solutions
-7.6
-7.4
-7.2
-7
-6.8
-6.6
-6.4
-6.2
-6
300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335
T, K
∆G°,
kJ/m
ol
Sodium salicylate
Sodium benzoate
Nicotinamide
Urea
Figure A 3.4 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy
(∆G°) of solubilization of stearic acid in different
hydrotrope solutions