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Past, Present, and Future of Information Visualization
Tiziana Catarci| Sapienza – Università di Roma
Giuseppe Santucci| Sapienza – Università di Roma
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Information = “data which serve a purpose”
Where to find it? Is it the right one?
Supply Supplier Part Project Quantity
1
1
2
4
4
2
3
3
12
6
5
5
7
23
12
17
23
9
9
6
Representation of the "Supply" relation with a hypergraph with label node copies
Supply Supplier Part Project Quantity 1 2 5 17 1 3 5 23 2 3 7 9 4 12 23 9 4 6 12 6Tabular representation of the "Supply" relation
Supply Supplier Part Project Quantity
1 4
3
2
7
5
17
23
9
12
Representation of the "Supply" relation with a hypergraph without label node copies
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How to manipulate it? How to make sense out of it?
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Visual Representations
We call visual representation one based on the use of visual formalisms for communicating relevant concepts.
Visual Representation is a language for the eye, which benefits from the ubiquitous properties of the VISUAL PERCEPTION
"The intricate nature of a variety of computer-related systems and situations can, and in our opinion should, be represented via visual formalisms; visual because they are to be generated, comprehended, and communicated by humans; and formal, because they are to be manipulated, maintained, and analyzed by computers". (D. Harel)
Basic visual formalisms in the DB area: forms, diagrams, and icons.
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Using the “Right” Representation
•Certain data visualizations may produce unsound pictures (pictures that express relationships that are not true in the information system)•Some graphical primitives are not adequate for expressing certain types of data (e.g. shape is not adequate for expressing ordered domains)•Interpretation cost (not all graphical primitives that are adequate for encoding certain information are equally effective) • The final goal is to provide general frameworks for automatic (or semi-automatic) generation of correct, complete, and effective visualizations (given any data, users, tasks)
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Example
Tow n P eople # P osition Distance
R ome 4, 000, 000 0Milan 1, 800, 000 N orth 600N aples 1, 500, 000 S outh- East 200Pisa 150, 000 N orth- West 350Pes cara 200, 000 East 220
Rome
Naples
Milan
PescaraPisa
Neither correct nor completePisa
350 Km
600 Km
200 Km
220 KmRome
Naples
Milan
>2,000,000
People #
From 1,000,000 to 2,000,000
<500,000
From 500,000 to 1,000,000
Pescara
Complete but not correct
P isa
350 Km
600 Km
200 Km
220 KmRom e
N aples
Milan
> 2,000,000
P eople #
F rom 1,000,000 to 2 ,000,000
< 500,000
F rom 500,000 to 1 ,000,000
P escara
OK!
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DARE
General theory for establishing the adequacy of a visual representation, once specified the database characteristics
DARE system, which implements such a theory and works in two modalities
•Representation Check •completeness •correcteness
•Representation Generation•Different kinds of rules:
Visual rules: characterize the different kinds of visual symbols and visual attributes.
Data rules: specify the characteristics of the data model, the database schema, and the database instances.
Mapping rules: specify the link between data and visual elements.
Perceptual rules: tell us how the user perceives a visual symbol, relationships between symbols, and which is the perceptual effect of relevant visual attributes such as color, texture, etc.
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An old fashioned demo: DARE
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Old fashioned?
• Local application (even if Java based)
• Only two visualization paradigms
• One visualization at time
• Not a clear separation among steps DATA --- > Visualization
• But... It was about early 90s...
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Canonical steps of "up to date" Infovis - Representation
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Canonical steps of "up to date" Infovis - Presentation REPRESENTASTIOM
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Better comprehension of perceptive issues
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One (very) simple question
• How many 3s here ?• You have 4 seconds…
458757626808609928083982698028747976296262867897187743671947746588786758967329667287682085
Game over!
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So ?
• Time was not enough?
• You can do that in less than 0.2 seconds !
• Let’s try a different visualization…
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Pre-attentive data encoding
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Interaction is a key issue
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FUTURE: Web based , multiple, coordinated views
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• Let’s rearrange the rows
Treatments
A B C D E F G
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2
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10
Crops10
A D C E G B F
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Treatments
Crops
Rearrange
10
Treatments
A B C D E F G
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Crops10
A D C E G B F
1
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8
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Treatments
Crops
Rearrange
Treatments
A B C D E F G
1
2
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10
Crops10
A D C E G B F
1
3
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Treatments
Crops
Rearrange
(10! , VA can help…)
Interaction!
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FUTURE: Tight integration with automated analysis
Visual Analytics
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One example
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Comparing J. London and M. Twain books
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User interaction (a non uniform book?)
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Interaction
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What about the Bible?
VA & IR - Giuseppe Santucci 24
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FUTURE: Integration with everyday devices
Demo !
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Summarizing
Well understood issues (just apply them)
Interaction
Visual analytics
Web based application
Deep integration with everyday
devices
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Thank you!
Questions?