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System of Rice Intensification (SRI) -System of Rice Intensification (SRI) -
““Less can Produce more”Less can Produce more”
Dr. A. SATYANARAYANADirector of Extension
Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural UniversityRajendranagar, Hyderabad
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Modern Agriculture
Overly Genocentric
Productivity gains were possible with increased use of inputs – Fertilizers, Pesticides, Water etc.
They are now giving • Diminishing returns
• Creating environmental hazards, health risks
• Rising costs of production
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More productive in terms of
- Land, Labour, Water, Capital, Energy, inputs
More environmentally benign
More robust in the face of climate change
More socially beneficial
- reducing poverty, greater food security
21st Century Agriculture needs to be
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Biological power and Eco-agriculture should Biological power and Eco-agriculture should be basic foundations for soil health be basic foundations for soil health
Micro organisms and other soil biota as creators and maintainers of soil fertility
Greater attention to plants roots
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The basic idea of SRI
Rice plants do best when their
- roots can grow large because
the plants are transplanted carefully
at wider spacing and
grown on soil that is kept well aerated
with abundant and diverse soil microorganisms
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The contribution of soil microbial activity need to be taken more seriously
The microbial flora causes a large number of
biochemical changes in the soil that largely
determine the fertility of soil (De Datta, 1981)
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System of Rice Intensification (SRI) – a way out
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SRI offers increased factor productivity of Land
Labour
Water
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Rice is the most important food crop of India
Rice has been identified as Growth Engine under vision 2020 of Andhra Pradesh
The area and production of rice is coming down in recent years due to lack of sufficient water in irrigation systems
SRI has the potential to meet the challenge by virtue of its capacity to double or even triple the productivity and less water requirement
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• SRI was first developed in Madaskar during 1980’s
• Not known outside Madagaskar until 1997
• Its potential is under testing in China, Indonesia, Combodia, Thailand, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India
• In A.P, SRI is experimented all the 22 districts with encouraging results
• Over 1,00,000 farmers are experimenting with this system world wide at present
• Few thousands of acres are under SRI in the very second season in AP
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SRI Technology usesSRI Technology uses
Less external inputs
• Less seed (2 kg/ac)
• Fewer plants per unit area (25 x 25 cm)
• Less chemical fertilizer
• More organic manures
• Less pesticides
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SRI is initially labour intensiveSRI is initially labour intensive
- Needs 50% more man days for transplanting and weeding
- Mobilises labour to work for profit
- It offers an alternative to resource poor, who puts in their family labour
- Once skills are learnt and implements are used, the labour costs will be lesser than the present day Rice cultivation
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SRI encourages rice plant to grow healthy with
Large root volume
Profuse and strong tillers
Non-lodging
Big panicle
More and well filled spikelets and higher grain weight
Resists insects
Because it allows Rice to grow naturally
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Root growthRoot growth
Root growth can be massive in response to SRI practices
3 hills under conventional method required 28 kg of force to be pulled up
Single SRI rice plants required 53 kg for uprooting
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Tillering is greatly increasedTillering is greatly increased
30 tillers per plant are fairly easy to achieve
50 tillers per plant are quite attainable
With really good use of SRI, individual plants can have 100 fertile tillers or even more
Because no set back due to early transplanting and no die back of roots
Maximum tillering occurs concurrently with panicle initiation
With SRI positive correlation is found between the number of panicles per plant and number of grains per panicle
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Rice plantRice plant
Everybody believe that Rice is an aquatic plant and grows best in standing water
Rice is not an aquatic plant, it can survive in water but does not thrive under hypoxic conditions
Rice plants spends lot of its energy to develop air pockets (aerenchyma tissue) in its roots under continuous inundation
70% of Rice root tips get degenerated by flowering period
Under SRI paddy fields are not flooded but keep the soil moist during vegetative phase
SRI requires only about half as much water as normally applied in irrigated rice
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Conventional system with more water
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Intermittent wetting and drying and Aeration
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SIX MECHANISMS AND PROCESSES FOR SRISIX MECHANISMS AND PROCESSES FOR SRI
1. EARLY TRANSPLANTING
seedlings 8-12 days old, when plant has only two small leaves,before fourth phyllochron
2. CAREFUL TRANSPLANTING
Minimize trauma in transplanting Remove plant from nursery with the seed, soil and roots carefully and place it in the field without plunging too deep into soil
More tillering potential
More root growth potential
More tillering potential
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After 12 days in nurserythe plant height is 7.7 inches(18.8cm)
Length of main root is 5 inches(12.7 cm)
4 leaves
8 small roots
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Diagram of possible stalks of a rice shootDiagram of possible stalks of a rice shootstalks grow following a regular cycle (phyllochron)stalks grow following a regular cycle (phyllochron)
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Contd..
3. WIDE SPACING plant single seedlings, not in clumps, and in a square pattern, not rows, 25cm x 25cm or wider
4. WEEDING AND AERATION
needed because no standing water; use simple mechanical “rotating hoe” that churns up soil; 2 weedings required, with 4 recommended before panicle initiation; first weeding 10 days after transplanting
More root growth potential
More root growth, due to reduced weed competition, and aeration of soil, giving roots more oxygen and N due to increased microbial activity we left in soil; can add 1+tons per weeding? Each additional weeding after two rounds results in increased productivity up to 2 t/ha/weeding
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Contd..
5. WATER MANAGEMENT
regular water applications to keep soil moist but not saturated,
with intermittent dryings,alternating aerobic and anaerobic soil
conditions
6. COMPOST/FYM applied instead of or in addition to chemical fertilizer; 10 tons/ha;
More root growth because avoids root degeneration able to acquire more and more varied nutrients from the soil
More plant growth because of
better soil health and structure, and more balanced nutrient supply
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Green Manure crop (Sunhemp)
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Crop residues
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Crop residues
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Nursery Management
Seed rate 2 kg/ac
Nursery area 1 cent/ac
Select healthy seed
Pre-sprouted seeds are sown on raised nursery bed
Prepare nursery bed like garden crops
Apply a layer of fine manure
Spread sprouted seed sparcely
Cover with another layer of manure
Mulch with paddy straw
Water carefully
Banana leaf sheath may be used for easy lifting and transport of seedlings
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Main field preparation
Land preparation is not different from regular irrigated rice cultivation
Levelling should be done carefully so that water can be applied very evenly
At every 3 m distance form a canal to facilitate drainage
With the help of a marker draw lines both way at 25 x 25 cm apart and transplant at the intersection
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PADDY YIELDS UNDER SRI IN COASTAL AREA YIELD( Kg/ha)
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Vj Sr Vz Wg Eg Kr Gn Pr
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PADDY YIELDS UNDER SRI IN TELANGANA AREA YIELD( Kg/ha)
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Ma Ra Me Na Wa Kh Ka Ni Ad
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PADDY YIELDS UNDER SRI IN RAYALASEEMA YIELD( Kg/ha)
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Ku Ka An Ch
CheckSRI
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Sr Vj Vz Eg Kr Pr Ku An Ra Ni Ma Na Wa Kh Ka Ad
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PADDY YIELDS UNDER SRI REPORTED BY DOA YIELD( Kg/ha)
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Performance of SRI in AP- Kharif 2003
No. of trials
Yield results
> 10 t/ha
Range of results
Yield advantage (kg/ha)
AP State 134 33 3.2-16.2 1869
Rayalaseema 10 6 7.8-15.5 4731
Telangana 40 10 4.2-16.2 2504
Coastal 84 17 3.2-14.3 1145
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Performance of SRI in AP- Kharif 2003 (Trials organized by State DOA)
No. of trials - 69
Average SRI yield (t/ha) - 8.36
Control (t/ha) - 4.89
State average productivity (t/ha) - 3.87
5 districts averaged over 10 t/ha10 t/ha
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Report on SRI Cultivation
Name of the Farmer : Mr.A.Jayasurya ReddyAddress : Tarimala Village, Singanamala Mandal Anantapur district, Andhra PradeshSeason : Rainy season 2003Area under SRI : 0.2 haVariety : BPT 5204 S.No. Parameter Farmers method SRI
1. No. of productive tillers/m2 503 706
2 No. of grains/panicle 87 152
3 Length of panicle (cm) 15.5 14.2
4 1000 grain weight (g) 13.3 14.4
5 Chaffy grain (%) 19.2 3.2
6 Grain yield (kg/ha) 5850 13297
7 Straw yield (kg/ha) 7110 12600
8 Duration(days) 150 140
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Report on SRI Cultivation
Name of the Farmer : Mr.K.Venka Subba ReddyAddress : Konidedu Village, Panyam Mandal Kurnool district, Andhra PradeshSeason : Rainy season 2003Area under SRI : 840 m2
Variety : BPT 5204 S.No. Parameter Farmers method SRI
1. Date of sowing 22-6-2003 19-7-2003
2 Date of Transplanting 31-7-2003 28-7-2003
3 Date of harvesting 10-12-2003 10-12-2003
4 Productive tillers/m2 510 1040
5 Panicle length (cm) 17.2 20.2
6 No. of grains/panicle 105 202
7 1000 grain weight(g) 18.8 21.1
8 Grain yield kg/ha 5625 15774
9 Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) 16250 18000
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Report on SRI Cultivation
Name of the Farmer : Mr.RakeshAddress : EdulapalliVillage, Kotturu Mandal Mahabubnagar district, Andhra PradeshVariety : BPT 5204Area under SRI : 0.8 ha
S.No. Parameter Farmers method SRI (*)
1. Date of sowing 6-6-2003 7-7-2003
2 Date of Transplanting 28-6-2003 17-7-2003
3 Date of harvesting 6-11-2003 5-12-2003
4 No. of productive tillers/hill 20 40
5 Length of the panicle (cm) 14 20
6 No. of grains/panicle 150 210
7 Grain yield t/ha 4.7 8.9
(*) Only organic manures were applied
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Report on SRI Cultivation
National Seed Project, ANGRAU, Hyderabad
Variety : BPT 5204Area under SRI : 0.2 ha
S.No. Parameter Farmers method SRI
1. Age of seedling at transplanting 30 10
2 Days to 50% flowering 114 108
3 No. of productive tillers/hill 10 28
4 Panicle length (cm) 21.4 21.0
5 No. of grains per panicle 162 166
6 1000 grain weight (g) 14.4 14.4
7 Yield t/ha 5.7 7.1
SRI crop matured 10 days earlier
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Report on SRI Cultivation
Name of the Farmer : Mr.T.Sambi ReddyAddress : Bhadirajupalem Village, ThotlavallurMandal Krishna district, Andhra PradeshArea under SRI : 0.2 haVariety : BPT 5204
S.No. Parameter Farmers method SRI
1. Date of sowing 20-7-2003 20-7-2003
2 Date of Transplanting 17-8-2003 1-8-2003
3 Date of harvesting 13-12-2003 13-12-2003
4 No. of productive tillers/hill 13 42
5 Length of the panicle(cm) 22 30
6 No. of grains/panicle 254 357
7 Grain yield (kg/ha) 8036 12576
8 Cost of cultivation per ha 15,000 17,500
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SRI is counter - Intuitive
Less can produce more
Younger seedlings becomes larger and more productive
Fewer plants/hill and per m2 give more yield
Less water can give greater yield
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SRI utilizes Biological PowerSRI utilizes Biological Power
Rice root system grown under SRI i.e., aerated soil do not degenerate, are much larger and function better
Soils that are aerated and well supplied with organic matter can support longer and diverse populations of soil micro organisms, which inturn mobilizes nutrients to the plant
Phytohormones produced by bacteria and fungi living in soils and roots promote root growth and the health of the plants
Root exudates provide food to microorganisms
Application of fertilizers and other agro chemicals has inhibiting effect on soil biota
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Benefits of SRIBenefits of SRI
1. Higher yields – Both grain and straw
2. Reduced duration (by 10 days)
3. Lesser chemical inputs
4. Less water requirement
5. Less chaffy grain %
6. Grain weight increased without change in grain size
7. Higher head rice recovery
8. Withstood cyclonic gales
9. Cold tolerance
10. Soil health improves through biological activity
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Future needs
Research to produce different models for different situations
To promote SRI by way of making information available
To organise a few demonstrations with farmers participation
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Swarna under SRI
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