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Syntax
Part 1
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What is Syntax ?
The analysis of phrases and sentences : It studies the way words are combined with each other to form grammatical sentences in a rule-governed way.
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Deep Structure & Surface Structure
:the superficial or Surface Structure apparent structure of sentence.
It relates to the order of elements ,i.e, the grammatical(syntactic) form of a sentence.
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For example,
“Nora broke the window”
”the window was broken by Nora”.
Two sentences with different surface structures.
The first is active
The second is passive
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: it is the underlying The deep structure abstract structure in which the elements determining structural interpretation are represented.
It relates to the abstract , underlying meaning of a sentence.
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The same deep structure can be the source of other surface structures such as
It was Nora who broke the window
Was the window broken by Nora ?
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Structural Ambiguity
“Annie bumped into a man with an umbrella”.
It has two different underlining meanings ,but the same surface structure.
Thus, this sentence is structurally ambiguous.
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What is Structural Ambiguity ?
single phrase or sentence A situation in which a two or more different underlying has
structures and interpretations.
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Small boys and girls
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RecursionWe can embed phrases within phrases of the same type.
Example,
The gun was on the table near the window in the bedroom.
This is the dog that chased the cat that killed the rat that ate the fruit.
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Recursion :the repeated application of a rule in generating structures
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There is no end to the recursion that would produce ever longer versions of complex sentences with this structure.
This one feature of grammar. A sentence can have another sentence inside it or that a phrase can be repeated
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Syntactic Structure Analysis
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Symbols used in syntactic analysis
p.101
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Tree Diagram
The boyNP
ART N
The boy
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Tree diagram : a diagram with branches showing the hierarchical organization of structures
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Types of phrases
Noun phrase (NP)
Verb phrase(VP)
Prepositional phrase(PP)
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Every phrase has at least one non-optional (obligatory)element.
NP always has N
VP always has V
PP always has Prep
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Phrase structure rules
Phrases are governed by rules phrase .Theses rules are called
structure rules
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Phrase Structure rules
They are rules that state that the structure of a phrase of a specific type consists of one or more constitutes in a particular order
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Noun Phrase
NP {(Art) (Adj) N ,Pro ,PN}
A noun phrase consists of either
An article + an optional adjective + N
A pronoun
A proper noun
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NP {Art (Adj) N ,Pro ,PN}
Examples,
The cat
The cute cat
He
Mohammed
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The cat The cute cat
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The cat The cute cat
NP NP
Art N Art N
The cat Adj
The cute cat
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Prepositional Phrase (PP)
PP Prep NP"A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and a noun phrase."
Examples
With an umbrella
Behind the tree
On the table
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With an umbrella
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With an umbrella
PP
P NP
Art N
with
an umbrella
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Verb PhraseVP V (NP) (PP) (Adv)
"A verb phrase is composed of a verb plus an optional noun phrase plus an optional prepositional phrase and optional adverb“
Examples :
leftMona
housethe left Mona
bag on the tablethe put Mona
house quicklythe left Mona
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left the houseMona leftMona
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Mona left Mona left the houseVP
VP
V V NP
Left Art N
left the house
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left the house quicklyMona
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left the house quicklyMona
VP
V NP Adv
Art N
left the house quickly
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S NP VP
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A dog followed the boy
S
NP VP
Art N V NP
Art N
A dog followed the boy
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Draw a tree diagram to illustrate the phrase structure rule in the following sentences
• Nora found the keys quickly
• Tom runs fast
• Mona put the bag on the table
• A small boy saw George with a crazy dog