![Page 1: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Syndrome X & Cardiac EffectsDo You Know Everything You Should?Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects
Do You Know Everything You Should?
Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCNJulia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN
Code 266Proceedings Book pg. 641
![Page 2: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
StatisticsStatistics
24% of the adult population have Metabolic Syndrome X (Met Syn X) and the prevalence reaches 50-60% over age 50 years.
24% of the adult population have Metabolic Syndrome X (Met Syn X) and the prevalence reaches 50-60% over age 50 years.
![Page 3: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
StatisticsStatistics
Soon metabolic syndrome will overtake cigarette smoking as the number one risk
factor for heart disease among the US population.
Soon metabolic syndrome will overtake cigarette smoking as the number one risk
factor for heart disease among the US population.
![Page 4: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
JAMA 287:356, 2002
![Page 5: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
StatisticsStatistics
50% of hypertensive pts and 10% of those with normal blood pressure having evidence of
hyperinsulinemia.
50% of hypertensive pts and 10% of those with normal blood pressure having evidence of
hyperinsulinemia.
![Page 6: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
StatisticsStatistics
In Framingham, the metabolic syndrome alone predicted approximately 25% of all
new onset CVD.
In Framingham, the metabolic syndrome alone predicted approximately 25% of all
new onset CVD.
![Page 7: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
PredictionPrediction
The epidemic of insulin resistance syndrome will prevent our ability to improve rates of CVD, which currently accounts for half of deaths among men and one-third of deaths
among women.
The epidemic of insulin resistance syndrome will prevent our ability to improve rates of CVD, which currently accounts for half of deaths among men and one-third of deaths
among women.
![Page 8: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Risk FactorsRisk Factors• For Women
– Android Appearance Alopecia
Hirsutism
Central obesity
– History Amenorrhea
Infertility
Gestational diabetes
Birth of baby > 9 lbs
• For Men & Women– Physical Assessment Acanthosis Nigricans
Skin Tags
• For Women– Android Appearance Alopecia
Hirsutism
Central obesity
– History Amenorrhea
Infertility
Gestational diabetes
Birth of baby > 9 lbs
• For Men & Women– Physical Assessment Acanthosis Nigricans
Skin Tags
![Page 9: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Are you one of the “Lucky” ones?Are you one of the “Lucky” ones?
•PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome)
The most common endocrinopathy of women,
present in 4-7% of women
•Younger persons with CHD
Metabolic syndrome is particularly likely
to be present•Not Diabetic? Approximately one in five nondiabetic persons will develop the metabolic syndrome over the next 5 years
![Page 10: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Why Do We Care? Why Do We Care?
Insulin resistance will lead to type 2 diabetes and subsequent CHD
Insulin resistance will lead to type 2 diabetes and subsequent CHD
![Page 11: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Does This Person Sound Familiar?
Does This Person Sound Familiar?
E.C. - a 53 year old postmenopausal female -referred for tx of hypertension, with a family hx of T2D, hypertension, and CHD. She has felt well, postmenopausal symptoms had responded to hormone replacemnt tx. BP was “too high” during routine physical exam. BMI 23.7kg/m2, BP145/95. Lab results revealed a normal blood count and urinalysis, with glucose 102, triglycerides 238, LDL 147, HDL 40
E.C. - a 53 year old postmenopausal female -referred for tx of hypertension, with a family hx of T2D, hypertension, and CHD. She has felt well, postmenopausal symptoms had responded to hormone replacemnt tx. BP was “too high” during routine physical exam. BMI 23.7kg/m2, BP145/95. Lab results revealed a normal blood count and urinalysis, with glucose 102, triglycerides 238, LDL 147, HDL 40
![Page 12: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
How do we define it?How do we define it?
• The syndrome was first identified in 1988
• ICD –9 diagnostic code 277.7
• The syndrome was first identified in 1988
• ICD –9 diagnostic code 277.7
![Page 13: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Major Characteristics of Met Syn XMajor Characteristics of Met Syn X
• insulin resistance/ glucose intolerance
• abdominal obesity
• elevated blood pressure
• lipid abnormalities (elevated levels of triglycerides and low levels of high density lipoprotein HDL)
• Proinflammatory state
• prothrombotic state
• insulin resistance/ glucose intolerance
• abdominal obesity
• elevated blood pressure
• lipid abnormalities (elevated levels of triglycerides and low levels of high density lipoprotein HDL)
• Proinflammatory state
• prothrombotic state
![Page 14: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Metabolic Syndrome Effects of Insulin Resistance
Cardio protection
Pro-apoptotic state
Atherosclerosis
Anti-fibrinolytic state
Pro-thrombotic State
Chronic Pro-Inflammatory State
ROS generationOxidative stress
Platelet Hyperaggregability
Tonic vasoconstrictionAbnormal vascular reactivityVascular flow reserve
HyperinsulinemiaSodium retention
![Page 15: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Diagnostic CriteriaDiagnostic Criteria
![Page 16: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ATP III Clinical ManifestationsATP III Clinical Manifestations- Abdominal Obesity
Men >102 cm (>40in)
Women >88 cm (>35in)
- Triglycerides > 150 mg/dl
- HDL Cholesterol
Men < 40 mg/dl
Women < 50 mg/dl
- Blood Pressure >130/>85 mmHg
- Fasting Glucose >110 mg/dl
- Abdominal Obesity
Men >102 cm (>40in)
Women >88 cm (>35in)
- Triglycerides > 150 mg/dl
- HDL Cholesterol
Men < 40 mg/dl
Women < 50 mg/dl
- Blood Pressure >130/>85 mmHg
- Fasting Glucose >110 mg/dl
JAMA 285:2486, 2001.
![Page 17: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
WHO Clinical CriteriaWHO Clinical CriteriaInsulin Resistance, identified by 1 of the following:• Type II diabetes• Impaired fasting glucose• Impaired glucose tolerance• Or for those with normal fasting glucose levels(<110mg/dl),
glucose uptake below the lowest quartile for background population under investigation under hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic conditions
Plus any 2 of the following:• Antihypertensive medication &/or high blood pressure (>140
mmHg systolic or >90 mmHg diastolic)• Plasma triglycerides >150 mg/dl • HDL cholesterol <35 mg/dl in men or <39 mg/dl in women• BMI >30kg/m2 &/or waist:hip ratio>0.9 in men,>0.85 in women• Urinary albumin excretion rate >20mcg/min or
albumin:creatinine ratio >30mg/g
Insulin Resistance, identified by 1 of the following:• Type II diabetes• Impaired fasting glucose• Impaired glucose tolerance• Or for those with normal fasting glucose levels(<110mg/dl),
glucose uptake below the lowest quartile for background population under investigation under hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic conditions
Plus any 2 of the following:• Antihypertensive medication &/or high blood pressure (>140
mmHg systolic or >90 mmHg diastolic)• Plasma triglycerides >150 mg/dl • HDL cholesterol <35 mg/dl in men or <39 mg/dl in women• BMI >30kg/m2 &/or waist:hip ratio>0.9 in men,>0.85 in women• Urinary albumin excretion rate >20mcg/min or
albumin:creatinine ratio >30mg/g
![Page 18: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
AACE Clinical CriteriaAACE Clinical Criteria- Overweight/obesity BMI >25kg/m2- Elevated Triglycerides >150 mg/dl (1.69mmol/L)- Low HDL Cholesterol
Men < 40 mg/dl (1.04 mmol/L)Women < 50 mg/dl (1.29 mmol/L)
- Elevated Blood Pressure > 130/85 mmHg- 2 hr post glucose challenge > 140 mg/dl- Fasting Glucose Between 110 and 126 mg/dl- Other risk factors - Family history of type 2 diabetes,
hypertension, or CVD - Polycystic ovary syndrome - Sedentary lifestyle - Advancing age - Ethic groups having high risk for
type 2 diabetes or CVD
- Overweight/obesity BMI >25kg/m2- Elevated Triglycerides >150 mg/dl (1.69mmol/L)- Low HDL Cholesterol
Men < 40 mg/dl (1.04 mmol/L)Women < 50 mg/dl (1.29 mmol/L)
- Elevated Blood Pressure > 130/85 mmHg- 2 hr post glucose challenge > 140 mg/dl- Fasting Glucose Between 110 and 126 mg/dl- Other risk factors - Family history of type 2 diabetes,
hypertension, or CVD - Polycystic ovary syndrome - Sedentary lifestyle - Advancing age - Ethic groups having high risk for
type 2 diabetes or CVD
![Page 19: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Other Useful MeasuresOther Useful Measures
• Triglyceride-to-HDL Cholesterol Ratio
• Small LDL particles
• Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
• Variation in coagulation factors – plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) – fibrinogen
• Triglyceride-to-HDL Cholesterol Ratio
• Small LDL particles
• Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
• Variation in coagulation factors – plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) – fibrinogen
![Page 20: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
CRPCRP
• There is a correlation between C-reactive protein (CRP) level and the number of syndrome components.
• CVD and CRP
• Waist circumference and CRP
• There is a correlation between C-reactive protein (CRP) level and the number of syndrome components.
• CVD and CRP
• Waist circumference and CRP
![Page 21: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Circulation 107:391, 2003
![Page 22: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Additional Tools to Help Make the Diagnosis
Additional Tools to Help Make the Diagnosis
• Insulin resistance score (HOMA-IR) – fasting plasma glucoses (mmol/L) X fasting serum
insulin (mIU/ml) / 22.5.
• Obtain lipid levels when most appropriate
• Insulin resistance score (HOMA-IR) – fasting plasma glucoses (mmol/L) X fasting serum
insulin (mIU/ml) / 22.5.
• Obtain lipid levels when most appropriate
![Page 23: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Screening QuestionsScreening Questions1. Do you have difficulty losing weight despite exercising
regularly?2. Do you have a close relative who has had heart disease,
high blood pressure, T2D, polycystic ovarian syndrome, infertility problems, or obesity?
3. Do you experience frequent cravings for sugars or other high carbohydrate foods?4. Do you often feel tired after a meal?5. Do you eat meals that consist of pasta, rice, potatoes,
and corn more than 2-3 times per week?6. Do you awaken at night 2 or more times to urinate?7. Have you either gained or lost more than 5 lbs in the last 3 months?8. For women: Do you feel that you have more facial hair than other women in your family, racial, and/or ethnic
group?
![Page 24: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Metabolic Syndrome and Its Relationship to Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
Excess Energy IntakeOver Expenditure
Genetic Predispostion Truncal Obesity Muscular Inactivity
Acquired or GeneticInsulin Resistance Metabolic Syndrome Unbalanced Diet
Hypertension Acquired or Genetic Beta Cell Defect
Cardiovascular Disease Type 2 Diabetes
![Page 25: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Pathophysiology Pathophysiology
3 potential etiologic categories:
1-obesity and disorders of adipose tissue
2-insulin resistance
3-constellation of independent factors the mediate specific components of the syndrome.
3 potential etiologic categories:
1-obesity and disorders of adipose tissue
2-insulin resistance
3-constellation of independent factors the mediate specific components of the syndrome.
![Page 26: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
InsulinInsulin
Properties:• Vasodilation
• Anti-inflammatory
• Sodium retention
Properties:• Vasodilation
• Anti-inflammatory
• Sodium retention
![Page 27: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Insulin ResistanceInsulin Resistance
Aging is the most important environmental factor in causing insulin resistance.
Physical fitness is as powerful as obesity in predicting insulin sensitivity
Aging is the most important environmental factor in causing insulin resistance.
Physical fitness is as powerful as obesity in predicting insulin sensitivity
![Page 28: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
HyperinsulinemiaHyperinsulinemia
Results in:• Increased CHD risk• Reactive hypoglycemia• High triglycerides• Low HDL• Hypercholesteremia• Hypertension• Hypofibrinolysis• Polycystic ovaries
Results in:• Increased CHD risk• Reactive hypoglycemia• High triglycerides• Low HDL• Hypercholesteremia• Hypertension• Hypofibrinolysis• Polycystic ovaries
![Page 29: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
PCOSPCOS
• The most common endocrinopathy among young women
• Affects 6-10% of women of childbearing age
• Accounts for 50-60% of female infertility • 82% of women with T2D have polycystic
ovaries.
• The most common endocrinopathy among young women
• Affects 6-10% of women of childbearing age
• Accounts for 50-60% of female infertility • 82% of women with T2D have polycystic
ovaries.
![Page 30: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Why fat?Why fat?
• The Real Question Is:
Where Are The Famines?
• The Real Question Is:
Where Are The Famines?
![Page 31: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue
• An important source of hormones, the best known of which is Leptin.
• Decrease in Insulin Sensitivity
• Increased hepatic triglyceride production and higher free fatty acid FFA level.
• Elevated Angiotensin II levels
• An important source of hormones, the best known of which is Leptin.
• Decrease in Insulin Sensitivity
• Increased hepatic triglyceride production and higher free fatty acid FFA level.
• Elevated Angiotensin II levels
![Page 32: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue• Adipose tissue also plays a central role in insulin
resistance because it synthesizes and secretes: • Adipose tissue also plays a central role in insulin
resistance because it synthesizes and secretes:
- Cortisol
- Adiponectin
- nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA)
- interleukin-6
- plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
- tumor necrosis factor
- proinflammatory cytokines (C-reactive protein)
![Page 33: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
LeptinLeptin
• Leptin increases sympathetic activity and may increase sodium reabsorption and heart rate.
• When insufficient levels, there is a marked increase in tissue fat, increased triglycerides,
• Insulin increases Leptin production
• Leptin increases sympathetic activity and may increase sodium reabsorption and heart rate.
• When insufficient levels, there is a marked increase in tissue fat, increased triglycerides,
• Insulin increases Leptin production
![Page 34: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
InflammationInflammation
• Result of excessive caloric intake• Result of excessive caloric intake
![Page 35: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Organ Involvement - RenalOrgan Involvement - Renal
• Uric acid clearance is also correlated with insulin sensitivity.
• RAS – cross talk between angiotensin II and insulin signaling contributes to the pathophysiology
• Uric acid clearance is also correlated with insulin sensitivity.
• RAS – cross talk between angiotensin II and insulin signaling contributes to the pathophysiology
![Page 37: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Organ Involvement - LungOrgan Involvement - Lung
• Abnormal lung function and sleep apnea may be related to diabetes
• 2hr insulin levels show a progressive rise with increased frequency of sleep apnea.
• Abnormal lung function and sleep apnea may be related to diabetes
• 2hr insulin levels show a progressive rise with increased frequency of sleep apnea.
![Page 38: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Organ Involvement - Liver
Organ Involvement - Liver
• The liver is the major organ involved in lipid and glucose homeostasis.
• Similar to alcoholic liver disease, there is a spectrum of abnormalities, progressing to nonalcoholic steatohepatits (NASH)
• The liver is the major organ involved in lipid and glucose homeostasis.
• Similar to alcoholic liver disease, there is a spectrum of abnormalities, progressing to nonalcoholic steatohepatits (NASH)
![Page 39: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
DyslipidemiasDyslipidemias
HDL
LDL
Triglycerides
HDL & LDL VLDL
![Page 41: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• Hypertension– Somatostatin – Sodium retention and angiotensin II
• Hypertension and lipid metabolism
• Increased vascular resistance
• abnormal vascular smooth muscle function
• Hypertension– Somatostatin – Sodium retention and angiotensin II
• Hypertension and lipid metabolism
• Increased vascular resistance
• abnormal vascular smooth muscle function
![Page 42: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Other Important ModifiersOther Important Modifiers
• Physical inactivity promotes the development of obesity and modifies muscle insulin sensitivity.
• Aging is commonly accompanied by a loss of muscle mass and by an increase in body fat particularly accumulation of fat in the abdomen, both changes can increase insulin resistance.
• Physical inactivity promotes the development of obesity and modifies muscle insulin sensitivity.
• Aging is commonly accompanied by a loss of muscle mass and by an increase in body fat particularly accumulation of fat in the abdomen, both changes can increase insulin resistance.
![Page 43: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Management of the Metabolic SyndromeManagement of the Metabolic Syndrome
• Consists primarily of 2 strategies: – modification or reversal of the root causes, including
weight reduction and increased physical activity– direct treatment of the metabolic risk factors,
including atherogenic dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, the prothrombotic state, and underlying insulin resistance.
• Consists primarily of 2 strategies: – modification or reversal of the root causes, including
weight reduction and increased physical activity– direct treatment of the metabolic risk factors,
including atherogenic dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, the prothrombotic state, and underlying insulin resistance.
![Page 44: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
InterventionIntervention
• Opportunity for early intervention is present when insulin levels are elevated in association with the other components of the metabolic syndrome
• Optimal to screen for all components of metabolic syndrome when obtaining a fasting insulin level.
• Opportunity for early intervention is present when insulin levels are elevated in association with the other components of the metabolic syndrome
• Optimal to screen for all components of metabolic syndrome when obtaining a fasting insulin level.
![Page 45: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Two Main Treatment GoalsTwo Main Treatment Goals
1 – reduce the contribution of underlying
causes such as obesity and physical
inactivity.
2 – treat the patient for lipid and nonlipid
risk factors.
1 – reduce the contribution of underlying
causes such as obesity and physical
inactivity.
2 – treat the patient for lipid and nonlipid
risk factors.
![Page 46: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The ABCDE’s for Treatment for Metabolic Syndrome X
The ABCDE’s for Treatment for Metabolic Syndrome X
1. Antiplatelet
2. BP (Hypertension) Control – Which are best?
3. Cholesterol Control
4. Diet
5. Exercise
1. Antiplatelet
2. BP (Hypertension) Control – Which are best?
3. Cholesterol Control
4. Diet
5. Exercise
![Page 47: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Tx of Pro-Inflammatory StateTx of Pro-Inflammatory State
• Growing interest in development of drugs to dampen the pro-inflammatory state.
• Several lipid - lowering drugs will reduce CRP levels, which could reflect an anti-inflammatory action.
• Growing interest in development of drugs to dampen the pro-inflammatory state.
• Several lipid - lowering drugs will reduce CRP levels, which could reflect an anti-inflammatory action.
![Page 48: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Tx of Pro-Thrombotic stateTx of Pro-Thrombotic state
• No drugs are available that target PAI-I and fibrinogen.
• An alternative approach to the pro-thrombotic state is antiplatelet therapy.
• ACE inhibitors have been found to improve the fibrinolytic profile of the MSX by reducing plasma PAI-1 levels.
• No drugs are available that target PAI-I and fibrinogen.
• An alternative approach to the pro-thrombotic state is antiplatelet therapy.
• ACE inhibitors have been found to improve the fibrinolytic profile of the MSX by reducing plasma PAI-1 levels.
![Page 49: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
BP (Hypertension) Control – Which are Best?
BP (Hypertension) Control – Which are Best?
• Blood pressure lowering agents do not necessarily affect comorbidities
• Vasoactive qualities need to be considered
• Blood pressure lowering agents do not necessarily affect comorbidities
• Vasoactive qualities need to be considered
![Page 50: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
RAS and Intervention with ARBs and ACE Inhibitors
Angiotensinogen Renin
Angiotensin I ACE Angiotensin Converting Inhibitors Enzyme (ACE)
Angiotensin II Angiotensin Receptor Blockers AT1 Receptor AT2 Receptor Vasoconstriction Vasodilation Sympathetic Activation Inhibition of Cell Growth Cell Proliferation Apoptosis Aldosterone Release Renal Sodium Resorption
Atherosclerosis, hypertension
![Page 51: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
ARB ARB
• Are they better than ACE?
• What unique effects do they have?– Slows progression of renal disease
– Prevents new onset diabetes
– Cardiovascular effects
– Decreases inflammation
– tolerability
• Are they better than ACE?
• What unique effects do they have?– Slows progression of renal disease
– Prevents new onset diabetes
– Cardiovascular effects
– Decreases inflammation
– tolerability
![Page 52: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Other CategoriesOther Categories
• Beta Blockers
• Diuretics
• Beta Blockers
• Diuretics
![Page 53: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Cholesterol TreatmentCholesterol Treatment
•Candidates by current guidelines
•Poor compliance
•Failure to reach LDL goals in large measure are due to inadequate treatment by physician.
•True target for treatment in diabetes should be the apoB rather than LDL cholesterol.
![Page 54: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Cholesterol Treatment GuidelinesCholesterol Treatment Guidelines
Once LDL goal has been reached ,
the next focus is to lower triglycerides
and then raise HDL.
Once LDL goal has been reached ,
the next focus is to lower triglycerides
and then raise HDL.
![Page 55: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
StatinsStatins
• Because statins are the most effective drug in lowering LDL, they are usually considered first line therapies.
• Reduce cholesterol, are atheroprotective, and improve endothelial function
• Statins reduce risk of CVD events in X. • When used, 80% of patients receiving a
statin reached their cholesterol goal
• Because statins are the most effective drug in lowering LDL, they are usually considered first line therapies.
• Reduce cholesterol, are atheroprotective, and improve endothelial function
• Statins reduce risk of CVD events in X. • When used, 80% of patients receiving a
statin reached their cholesterol goal
![Page 56: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
HypertriglyceridemiaHypertriglyceridemia
• Can cause pancreatitis– Dietary changes
– Avoidance of medications
– Improving glycemia
– Triglyceride lowering drugs
• Can cause pancreatitis– Dietary changes
– Avoidance of medications
– Improving glycemia
– Triglyceride lowering drugs
![Page 57: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Nicotinic AcidsNicotinic Acids
• Isn’t statins enough?
• Niacin increases LDL size while statins lower LDL mass
• Give ASA ½ hr before to minimize flushing
• Isn’t statins enough?
• Niacin increases LDL size while statins lower LDL mass
• Give ASA ½ hr before to minimize flushing
![Page 58: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
FibratesFibrates
• Reduction of the inflammation process at the level of the vascular wall
• Reduce CVD end points in patients with dyslipidemia
• Have insulin sensitizing effects
• Reduction of the inflammation process at the level of the vascular wall
• Reduce CVD end points in patients with dyslipidemia
• Have insulin sensitizing effects
![Page 59: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Combination TherapyCombination Therapy
• Most effective at decreasing LDL levels but also provide some improvements in HDL cholesterol values.
• Statin with antihypertensive therapy
• Simvastatin plus niacin
• Fenofibrate-statin
• Most effective at decreasing LDL levels but also provide some improvements in HDL cholesterol values.
• Statin with antihypertensive therapy
• Simvastatin plus niacin
• Fenofibrate-statin
![Page 60: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
HMG-CoA-ReductaseLiver
HMG-CoA
Statins
Mevalonate Cholesterol
HypercholesterolemiaAngiotensin II
AT1 Receptor
Vasoconstriction
Hypertension
Reactive Oxygen species
Endothelial Dysfunction
Proliferation
Atherosclerosis
+ +
+
+
+
![Page 61: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
SummarySummary
• Gains in life expectancy with strict control of cholesterol concentrations are similar to those achieved with smoking cessation, control of diastolic blood pressure, or weight.
• Currently available drugs do not robustly raise HDL cholesterol.
• Gains in life expectancy with strict control of cholesterol concentrations are similar to those achieved with smoking cessation, control of diastolic blood pressure, or weight.
• Currently available drugs do not robustly raise HDL cholesterol.
![Page 62: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Diet Diet
• Why?
• Realistic goals are a 5-10% weight loss
• ATP III recommendations for diet composition
• Why?
• Realistic goals are a 5-10% weight loss
• ATP III recommendations for diet composition
![Page 63: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Dietary RecommendationsDietary Recommendations
• Glycemic Index
• Recommend very high intakes of grain products
• No single diet is currently recommended for patients with metabolic syndrome.
• Is Atkins the best way? If not, what is?
• CHANGE BEHAVIOR!
• Glycemic Index
• Recommend very high intakes of grain products
• No single diet is currently recommended for patients with metabolic syndrome.
• Is Atkins the best way? If not, what is?
• CHANGE BEHAVIOR!
![Page 64: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Specific PracticesSpecific Practices
• 1 - Reduce saturated fat intake to <7% of calories • 2 - Reduce dietary cholesterol intake to
<200mg/day – Every ounce of beef, lamb, pork, poultry, and fish contains
approximately 25mg of dietary cholesterol– 1 cup of milk contains 4-33mg of dietary cholesterol
• 3 - Trim excess calories • 4 - Add water soluble fiber• 5 - Add stanol or sterol ester margarines • 6 - Trim excess alcohol intake to <3% of calories• 7 - Use of omega 3 fatty acids
• 1 - Reduce saturated fat intake to <7% of calories • 2 - Reduce dietary cholesterol intake to
<200mg/day – Every ounce of beef, lamb, pork, poultry, and fish contains
approximately 25mg of dietary cholesterol– 1 cup of milk contains 4-33mg of dietary cholesterol
• 3 - Trim excess calories • 4 - Add water soluble fiber• 5 - Add stanol or sterol ester margarines • 6 - Trim excess alcohol intake to <3% of calories• 7 - Use of omega 3 fatty acids
![Page 65: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Diet MedicationsDiet Medications
1. Appetite suppressants
2. Inhibitors of nutrient absorption
3. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation
1. Appetite suppressants
2. Inhibitors of nutrient absorption
3. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation
![Page 66: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Exercise Exercise
• Why is exercise so important?
• Will it help?
• How often?
• Is it really going to make a difference?
• What is the best way to maintain to efforts?
• Why is exercise so important?
• Will it help?
• How often?
• Is it really going to make a difference?
• What is the best way to maintain to efforts?
![Page 67: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Treatment OptionsTreatment Options• ATPIII had identified metabolic syndrome as an
indication for vigorous lifestyle intervention.
– Weight loss significantly improves all aspects of metabolic syndrome.
– Increasing physical activity and decreasing caloric intake by reducing portion sizes will improve metabolic syndrome abnormalities, even in the absence of weight loss.
– Need for modification of dyslipidemia, blood pressure, and prothrombotic state in persons undergoing LDL lowering therapy.
• ATPIII had identified metabolic syndrome as an indication for vigorous lifestyle intervention.
– Weight loss significantly improves all aspects of metabolic syndrome.
– Increasing physical activity and decreasing caloric intake by reducing portion sizes will improve metabolic syndrome abnormalities, even in the absence of weight loss.
– Need for modification of dyslipidemia, blood pressure, and prothrombotic state in persons undergoing LDL lowering therapy.
![Page 68: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Pharmacological Recommendations for Insulin Resistance
Pharmacological Recommendations for Insulin Resistance
1. Metformin
2. Thiazolidinediones
3. Sulfomylureas
4. Other potential treatment
1. Metformin
2. Thiazolidinediones
3. Sulfomylureas
4. Other potential treatment
![Page 69: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
PCOSPCOS
• Treatment may be aimed at inducing fertility
• Weight loss through diet and exercise or use of insulin-sensitizing agents
• In addition to reducing androgens and improving reproductive function, improvement in CVD risk should be a goal of tx.
• Treatment to improve insulin sensitivity should be useful in the disease
• Treatment may be aimed at inducing fertility
• Weight loss through diet and exercise or use of insulin-sensitizing agents
• In addition to reducing androgens and improving reproductive function, improvement in CVD risk should be a goal of tx.
• Treatment to improve insulin sensitivity should be useful in the disease
![Page 70: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Tx of NASHTx of NASH• Insulin sensitizing agents
• Vitamin E
• Insulin sensitizing agents
• Vitamin E
![Page 71: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
![Page 72: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
In SummaryIn Summary• Aging is the most important environmental
factor in causing insulin resistance• Weight reduction and increased physical
activity in persons with the metabolic syndrome
• Lifestyle and/or drug therapies to lower LDL to less than 100 mg/dL.
• Institution of treatment of other lipid or nonlipid risk factors, consider use of nicontinic acid or fibric acid for elevated triglycerides or low high density lipoprotein HDL cholesterol
• Aging is the most important environmental factor in causing insulin resistance
• Weight reduction and increased physical activity in persons with the metabolic syndrome
• Lifestyle and/or drug therapies to lower LDL to less than 100 mg/dL.
• Institution of treatment of other lipid or nonlipid risk factors, consider use of nicontinic acid or fibric acid for elevated triglycerides or low high density lipoprotein HDL cholesterol
![Page 73: Syndrome X & Cardiac Effects Do You Know Everything You Should? Julia Garrison RN, MSN, CCRN, PCCN Code 266 Proceedings Book pg. 641](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e0c5503460f94af433d/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
• Weight reduction from obesity guidelines at
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov and http://www.americanheart.org.
• •www.aace.com/pub/irscc/findings.php
• full text guidelines – www.acc.org, www.americanheart.org
• Weight reduction from obesity guidelines at
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov and http://www.americanheart.org.
• •www.aace.com/pub/irscc/findings.php
• full text guidelines – www.acc.org, www.americanheart.org